Communicative Rhythm in Gesture and Speech
GW '99 Proceedings of the International Gesture Workshop on Gesture-Based Communication in Human-Computer Interaction
Natural behavior of a listening agent
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Fluid Semantic Back-Channel Feedback in Dialogue: Challenges and Progress
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Predicting Listener Backchannels: A Probabilistic Multimodal Approach
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Speech rhythm guided syllable nuclei detection
ICASSP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing
Modeling embodied feedback with virtual humans
ZiF'06 Proceedings of the Embodied communication in humans and machines, 2nd ZiF research group international conference on Modeling communication with robots and virtual humans
Parasocial consensus sampling: combining multiple perspectives to learn virtual human behavior
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: volume 1 - Volume 1
Backchannel strategies for artificial listeners
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Learning backchannel prediction model from parasocial consensus sampling: a subjective evaluation
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Adaptation in turn-initiations
Proceedings of the Third COST 2102 international training school conference on Toward autonomous, adaptive, and context-aware multimodal interfaces: theoretical and practical issues
Backchannels: quantity, type and timing matters
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Dynamic perception-production oscillation model in human-machine communication
ICMI '11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on multimodal interfaces
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We report on an analysis of feedback behavior in an Active Listening Corpus as produced verbally, visually (head movement) and bimodally. The behavior is modeled in an embodied conversational agent and displayed in a conversation with a real human to human participants for perceptual evaluation. Five strategies for the timing of backchannels are compared: copying the timing of the original human listener, producing backchannels at randomly selected times, producing backchannels according to high level timing distributions relative to the interlocutor's utterance and pauses, or according to local entrainment to the interlocutors' vowels, or according to both. Human observers judge that models with global timing distributions miss less opportunities for backchanneling than random timing.