Tactons: structured tactile messages for non-visual information display
AUIC '04 Proceedings of the fifth conference on Australasian user interface - Volume 28
Movie with Scents Generated by Olfactory Display Using Solenoid Valves
VR '06 Proceedings of the IEEE conference on Virtual Reality
Tactile feedback for mobile interactions
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mobile computing in urban emergency situations: Improving the support to firefighters in the field
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Design and evaluation of a vibrotactile seat to improve spatial awareness while driving
HAPTIC '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Haptics Symposium
Digital taste and smell communication
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Body Area Networks
Thermal icons: evaluating structured thermal feedback for mobile interaction
MobileHCI '12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Designing an effective vibration-based notification interface for mobile phones
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Tactile notifications for ambulatory users
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
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Awareness mechanisms are normally used to deliver context information to computer systems users. These mechanisms have been extensively studied as part of collaborative solutions designed for stationary scenarios, and recently on mobile and pervasive applications. The conventional awareness mechanisms through audio or visual messages have proved to be frequently unsuitable to deliver context information to people performing mobile activities, since the user's attention is not focused on the device he/she is using. This article presents two studies exploring the use of unconventional awareness mechanisms as a way to provide context information to firefighters during urban emergencies. In particular, the effectiveness of using the haptic and smell channels is evaluated as a way to implement direct and indirect capturers of the mobile workers' attention. The obtained results hint that both channels could be used to improve the information delivery. However, the awareness mechanisms that use the haptic channel are much more effective and allow implementing a more diverse set of messages. These awareness mechanisms can be used not only during emergency responses but also in other similar mobile work scenarios.