A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Computer facial animation
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ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers
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MICCAI'10 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention: Part I
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Human face can be seen as a soft tissue organ complex with a large investing network of musculature. Due to its complexity, most existing computational models approximate these muscular structures using simple geometries such as 1-D curves or primitive 3-D shapes. This paper presents a new approach to evaluate muscle contribution from anatomically accurate geometries while maintaining the computational complexity at a tractable level. In the proposed method, 3-D muscle structures are embedded inside a facial continuum (encompassing all superficial soft tissue structures), where mechanical contribution of muscles is evaluated independently and transferred to the facial computational domain through a finite element mapping procedure. Muscle forces are decomposed into an array of discrete point loads that are determined at the integration points of an appropriate quadrature scheme. As a result, muscle meshes can be constructed independent from the facial mesh giving two main advantages: (i) the muscle geometries can be refined independent of the facial computational domain, and (ii) it is not required for the computational domain to conform to complex topology of muscle structures.