GroupLens: an open architecture for collaborative filtering of netnews
CSCW '94 Proceedings of the 1994 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Social information filtering: algorithms for automating “word of mouth”
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Software agents and user autonomy
AGENTS '97 Proceedings of the first international conference on Autonomous agents
Inner-city gatekeepers: an exploratory survey of their information use environment
Journal of the American Society for Information Science - Special topic issue: youth issues in information science
Republic.com
Communications of the ACM
Search engine coverage bias: evidence and possible causes
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Incorporating contextual information in recommender systems using a multidimensional approach
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge
Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge
The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
Toward a theory of network gatekeeping: A framework for exploring information control
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
CARD: a decision-guidance framework and application for recommending composite alternatives
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Recommender systems
Presentation bias is significant in determining user preference for search results—A user study
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
It takes variety to make a world: diversification in recommender systems
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Extending Database Technology: Advances in Database Technology
Presenting diverse political opinions: how and how much
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
User profiles for personalized information access
The adaptive web
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web
User attitudes towards news content personalization
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The Politics of Search: A Decade Retrospective
The Information Society
Challenges in measuring online advertising systems
IMC '10 Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Privacy Violations Using Microtargeted Ads: A Case Study
ICDMW '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops
Gatekeeping: A critical review
Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
Information seeking: convergence of search, recommendations, and advertising
Communications of the ACM
The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You
The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You
The role of social networks in information diffusion
Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web
The Filter Bubble
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Online information intermediaries such as Facebook and Google are slowly replacing traditional media channels thereby partly becoming the gatekeepers of our society. To deal with the growing amount of information on the social web and the burden it brings on the average user, these gatekeepers recently started to introduce personalization features, algorithms that filter information per individual. In this paper we show that these online services that filter information are not merely algorithms. Humans not only affect the design of the algorithms, but they also can manually influence the filtering process even when the algorithm is operational. We further analyze filtering processes in detail, show how personalization connects to other filtering techniques, and show that both human and technical biases are present in today's emergent gatekeepers. We use the existing literature on gatekeeping and search engine bias and provide a model of algorithmic gatekeeping.