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The Computer Journal
Social impact statements: engaging public participation in information technology design
Proceedings of the symposium on Computers and the quality of life
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ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
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Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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AGENTS '97 Proceedings of the first international conference on Autonomous agents
New directions: a value-sensitive design approach to augmented reality
DARE '00 Proceedings of DARE 2000 on Designing augmented reality environments
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ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society
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ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society
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Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
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From an analysis of actual cases, three categories of bias in computer systems have been developed: preexisting, technical, and emergent. Preexisting bias has its roots in social institutions, practices, and attitudes. Technical bias arises from technical constraints of considerations. Emergent bias arises in a context of use. Although others have pointed to bias inparticular computer systems and have noted the general problem, we know of no comparable work that examines this phenomenon comprehensively and which offers a framework for understanding and remedying it. We conclude by suggesting that freedom from bias should by counted amoung the select set of criteria—including reliability, accuracy, and efficiency—according to which the quality of systems in use in society should be judged.