On-Line and Off-Line Handwriting Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Artificial Legal Intelligence
ICDAR '97 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics)
Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics)
On Computing Strength of Evidence for Writer Verification
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 02
Computer-Assisted Handwriting Analysis: Interaction with Legal Issues in U.S. Courts
IWCF '09 Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Computational Forensics
Probabilistic Graphical Models: Principles and Techniques - Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning
Writer Verification of Historical Documents among Cohort Writers
ICFHR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 12th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition
Evaluating the Rarity of Handwriting Formations
ICDAR '11 Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Bayesian Network Structure Learning and Inference Methods for Handwriting
ICDAR '13 Proceedings of the 2013 12th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
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Several automation tools have been developed over the years for forensic document examination (FDE) of handwritten items. Integrating the developed tools into a unified framework is considered and the essential role of the human in the process is discussed. The task framework is developed by considering the approach of computational thinking whose components are abstraction, algorithms, mathematical models and ability to scale. Beginning with the human FDE procedure expressed in algorithmic form, mathematical and software implementations of individual steps of the algorithm are described. Advantages of the framework are discussed, including efficiency (ability to scale to tasks with many handwritten items), reproducibility and validation/improvement of existing manual procedures. It is indicated that as with other expert systems, such as for medical diagnosis, current automation tools are useful only as part of a larger manually intensive procedure. This viewpoint is illustrated with a well-known FDE case, concerning the Lindbergh kidnapping with a new hypothesis - in this case, there are multiple questioned documents, possibility of multiple writers of the same document, determining whether the writing is disguised, known writing is formal while questioned writing is informal, etc. Observations are made for future developments, where human examiners provide handwriting characteristics while computational methods provide the necessary statistical analysis.