How do people organize their desks?: Implications for the design of office information systems
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Computer support for knowledge workers: A review of laboratory experiments
ACM SIGMIS Database
The application of spatialization and spatial metaphor to augmentative and alternative communication
Assets '94 Proceedings of the first annual ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Converting to graphical user interfaces: design guidelines for success
CHI '95 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Converting to graphical user interfaces: design guidelines for success
CHI '94 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of spatial organization strategies in graphical and tangible user interfaces
DARE '00 Proceedings of DARE 2000 on Designing augmented reality environments
What do people recall about their documents?: implications for desktop search tools
Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
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The traditional and still dominant form of object reference in computing systems is symbolic - data files, programs, etc. are initially labeled and subsequently referred to by name. This approach is being supplemented on some systems by a spatial alternative which is often driven by an office or desktop metaphor (e.g. Apple's Lisa and MacIntosh systems, or Bolt's 1979 Spatial Data Management System). In such systems, an object is placed in a simulated two- or three-dimensional space, and can later be retrieved by pointing to its location. In order to begin to understand the relative merits of spatial and symbolic filing schemes for representing and organizing information, we compared four ways of filing computer objects. We found location information to be of limited utility, either by itself or in combination with symbolic information. This calls into question the generality and efficacy of the desktop metaphor for information retrieval.