Disembodied conduct: communication through video in a multi-media office environment
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Speech patterns in video-mediated conversations
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Multiparty videoconferencing at virtual social distance: MAJIC design
CSCW '94 Proceedings of the 1994 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
What video can and cannot do for collaboration: a case study
Multimedia Systems
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The GAZE groupware system: mediating joint attention in multiparty communication and collaboration
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
TELEPORT— towards immersive copresence
Multimedia Systems - Special issue on video content based retrieval
MAJIC and DesktopMAJIC conferencing system (video program) (abstract only)
CSCW '96 Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Video-Mediated Communication
FreeWalk: A 3D Virtual Space for Casual Meetings
IEEE MultiMedia
A Multi-Site Teleconferencing System Using V. R. Paradigms
ECMAST '97 Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Multimedia Applications, Services and Techniques
Determination of the Point of Fixation in a Head-Fixed Coordinate System
ICPR '98 Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Pattern Recognition-Volume 1 - Volume 1
Remote conversations: the effects of mediating talk with technology
Human-Computer Interaction
The impact of eye gaze on communication using humanoid avatars
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
GAZE-2: conveying eye contact in group video conferencing using eye-controlled camera direction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Design of a multi-sender 3D videoconferencing application over an end system multicast protocol
MULTIMEDIA '03 Proceedings of the eleventh ACM international conference on Multimedia
End system multicast protocol for collaborative virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: Advances in collaborative virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
End System Multicast routing for multi-party videoconferencing applications
Computer Communications
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This paper presents a design for a user interface that supports improved gaze communication in multi-point video conferencing. We set out to use traditional computer displays to mediate the gaze of remote participants in a realistic manner. Previous approaches typically assume immersive displays, and use live video to animate avatars in a shared 3D virtual world. This shared world is then rendered from the viewpoint of the appropriate avatar to yield the required views of the virtual meeting. We show why such views of a shared space do not convey gaze information realistically when using traditional computer displays. We describe a new approach that uses a different arrangement of the avatars for each participant in order to preserve the semantic significance of gaze. We present a design process for arranging these avatars. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the new interface with experimental results.