Stratified hypermedia structures for information disclosure
The Computer Journal - Special issue on information retrieval
The paraphrase search assistant: terminological feedback for iterative information seeking
Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Interactive Internet search: keyword, directory and query reformulation mechanisms compared
SIGIR '00 Proceedings of the 23rd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
A review of web searching studies and a framework for future research
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Using WordNet and Lexical Operators to Improve Internet Searches
IEEE Internet Computing
Query association for effective retrieval
Proceedings of the eleventh international conference on Information and knowledge management
Analysis of Clustering Algorithms for Web-Based Search
PAKM '02 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management
Proportional search interface usability measures
Proceedings of the third Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction
Noun phrases as building blocks for cross-language search assistance
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal - Special issue: Cross-language information retrieval
Classifying search engine queries using the web as background knowledge
ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
How are we searching the world wide web?: a comparison of nine search engine transaction logs
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal - Special issue: Formal methods for information retrieval
Query taxonomy generation for web search
CIKM '06 Proceedings of the 15th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Improving Web search using image snippets
ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)
Methods for Evaluating Interactive Information Retrieval Systems with Users
Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
How are we searching the World Wide Web? A comparison of nine search engine transaction logs
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal - Special issue: Formal methods for information retrieval
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Internet-based knowledge acquisition: Task complexity and performance
Decision Support Systems
Amount of invested mental effort (AIME) in online searching
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
How query cost affects search behavior
Proceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Effects of working memory capacity on users' search effort
Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia, Interaction, Design and Innovation
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This article compares search effectiveness when using query-based Internet search (via the Google search engine), directory-based search (via Yahoo), and phrase-based query reformulation-assisted search (via the Hyperindex browser) by means of a controlled, user-based experimental study. The focus was to evaluate aspects of the search process. Cognitive load was measured using a secondary digit-monitoring task to quantify the effort of the user in various search states; independent relevance judgements were employed to gauge the quality of the documents accessed during the search process and time was monitored as a function of search state. Results indicated directory-based search does not offer increased relevance over the query-based search (with or without query formulation assistance), and also takes longer. Query reformulation does significantly improve the relevance of the documents through which the user must trawl, particularly when the formulation of query terms is more difficult. However, the improvement in document relevance comes at the cost of increased search time, although this difference is quite small when the search is self-terminated. In addition, the advantage of the query reformulation seems to occur as a consequence of providing more discriminating terms rather than by increasing the length of queries.