Spatial Orientation and Wayfinding in Large-Scale Virtual Spaces: An Introduction
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The effects of maps and textual information on navigation in a desktop virtual environment
Spatial Cognition and Computation
Navigation and orientation in 3D user interfaces: the impact of navigation aids and landmarks
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Path memory in real-world and virtual settings
COSIT'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Spatial Information Theory
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This study presents two experiments that examine howindividuals learn relative directions betweenlandmarks in a desktop virtual environment. Subjectswere presented snapshot images of different virtualenvironments containing distinguishing landmarks anda road network. Following the presentation of eachvirtual environment, subjects were given a relativedirection test. The relative direction test involvedindicating the direction of hidden landmarks fromdifferent vantage points in the environment. Half ofthese vantage points were presented during thelearning phase, while the other half were novel.Results showed that subjects learned relativedirections between landmarks equally well when sceneswere presented in either a sequential or random order.Furthermore, viewing a configuration of landmarks ina desktop virtual environment from multipleperspectives produced a viewpoint dependentrepresentation in memory. Subjects had significantlygreater response times for new viewing perspectives,as compared to previously viewed scenes. Thisviewpoint dependent representation of the environmentpersisted despite learning under conditions ofspatio-temporal discontinuity and changes to anenvironmental frame of reference.