The elements of graphing data
The visual display of quantitative information
The visual display of quantitative information
Imaging vector fields using line integral convolution
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Image-guided streamline placement
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Visualizing multivalued data from 2D incompressible flows using concepts from painting
VIS '99 Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '99: celebrating ten years
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SIGGRAPH '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Information visualization: perception for design
Information visualization: perception for design
A tool for visualizing the topology of three-dimensional vector fields
VIS '91 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Visualization '91
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IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Designer-critiqued comparison of 2D vector visualization methods: a pilot study
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Sketches & Applications
Comparing 2D Vector Field Visualization Methods: A User Study
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Geometric flow visualization techniques for CFD simulation data
Proceedings of the 21st spring conference on Computer graphics
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
3D contour perception for flow visualization
APGV '06 Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Grid With a View: Optimal Texturing for Perception of Layered Surface Shape
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Neural modeling of flow rendering effectiveness
Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Investigating flow visualizations using interactive design space hill climbing
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
Neural modeling of flow rendering effectiveness
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Vector field analysis and visualization through variational clustering
EUROVIS'05 Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Eurographics / IEEE VGTC conference on Visualization
Techniques for visualizing multi-valued flow data
VISSYM'04 Proceedings of the Sixth Joint Eurographics - IEEE TCVG conference on Visualization
Visual reconstructability as a quality metric for flow visualization
EuroVis'11 Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
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We present results from a user study that compared six visualization methods for 2D vector data. Two methods used different distributions of short arrows, two used different distributions of integral curves, one used wedges located to suggest flow lines, and the final was line-integral convolution (LIC). We defined three simple but representative tasks for users to perform using visualizations from each method: 1) locating all critical points in an image, 2) identifying critical point types, and 3) advecting a particle.Results show different strengths and weaknesses for each method. We found that users performed better with methods that: 1) showed the sign of vectors within the vector field, 2) visually represented integral curves, and 3) visually represented the locations of critical points.These results provide quantitative support for some of the anecdotal evidence concerning visualization methods. The tasks and testing framework also provide a basis for comparing other visualization methods, for creating more effective methods, and for defining additional tasks to further understand tradeoffs among methods. They may also be useful for evaluating 2D vector on 2D surfaces embedded in 3D and for defining analogous tasks for 3D visualization methods.