The elements of graphing data
The visual display of quantitative information
The visual display of quantitative information
Imaging vector fields using line integral convolution
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Image-guided streamline placement
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Visualizing multivalued data from 2D incompressible flows using concepts from painting
VIS '99 Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '99: celebrating ten years
Antialiasing through stochastic sampling
SIGGRAPH '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Information visualization: perception for design
Information visualization: perception for design
Useful properties of Semantic Depth of Field for better F+C visualization
VISSYM '02 Proceedings of the symposium on Data Visualisation 2002
Quantitative comparative evaluation of 2D vector field visualization methods
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '01
Conveying the 3D Shape of Smoothly Curving Transparent Surfaces via Texture
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
A Comparative Study of User Performance in a Map-Based Virtual Environment
VR '03 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2003
User Studies: Why, How, and When?
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
A tool for visualizing the topology of three-dimensional vector fields
VIS '91 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Visualization '91
Designer-critiqued comparison of 2D vector visualization methods: a pilot study
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Sketches & Applications
Display of Vector Fields Using a Reaction-Diffusion Model
VIS '04 Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '04
NIH-NSF Visualization Research Challenges Report Summary
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
CAVE and Fishtank Virtual-Reality Displays: A Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
An Approach to the Perceptual Optimization of Complex Visualizations
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Stevens dot patterns for 2D flow visualization
APGV '06 Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Strategies for the Visualization of Multiple 2D Vector Fields
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Visualization Research Challenges: A Report Summary
Computing in Science and Engineering
Perceptual limits on 2D motion-field visualization
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Subjective Quantification of Perceptual Interactions among some 2D Scientific Visualization Methods
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Visualization in Medicine: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications
Visualization in Medicine: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications
From Template to Image: Reconstructing Fingerprints from Minutiae Points
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
On visual quality of optimal 3D sampling and reconstruction
GI '07 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2007
Journal of Scientific Computing
Visualizing and manipulating automatic document orientation methods using vector fields
Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces
Anisotropic blue noise sampling
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2010 papers
Drawing with the Flow: a sketch-based interface for illustrative visualization of 2D vector fields
Proceedings of the Seventh Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling Symposium
Using registration uncertainty visualization in a user study of a simple surgical task
MICCAI'06 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - Volume Part II
JVRC'09 Proceedings of the 15th Joint virtual reality Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
Technical Section: Surface-based flow visualization
Computers and Graphics
Exploratory visualization of animal kinematics using instantaneous helical axes
EuroVis'08 Proceedings of the 10th Joint Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
Interactive exploratory visualization of 2D vector fields
EuroVis'08 Proceedings of the 10th Joint Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
Results of a user study on 2D hurricane visualization
EuroVis'08 Proceedings of the 10th Joint Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
A salience-based quality metric for visualization
EuroVis'10 Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
Visual reconstructability as a quality metric for flow visualization
EuroVis'11 Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
A user study of visualization effectiveness using EEG and cognitive load
EuroVis'11 Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
An evaluation of visualization techniques to illustrate statistical deformation models
EuroVis'11 Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
Anatomy-guided multi-level exploration of blood flow in cerebral aneurysms
EuroVis'11 Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
Design and evaluation of multifield visualisation techniques for 2D vector fields
Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Image and Vision Computing New Zealand
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We present results from a user study that compared six visualization methods for two-dimensional vector data. Users performed three simple but representative tasks using visualizations from each method: 1) locating all critical points in an image, 2) identifying critical point types, and 3) advecting a particle. Visualization methods included two that used different spatial distributions of short arrow icons, two that used different distributions of integral curves, one that used wedges located to suggest flow lines, and line-integral convolution (LIC). Results show different strengths and weaknesses for each method. We found that users performed these tasks better with methods that: 1) showed the sign of vectors within the vector field, 2) visually represented integral curves, and 3) visually represented the locations of critical points. Expert user performance was not statistically different from nonexpert user performance. We used several methods to analyze the data including omnibus analysis of variance, pairwise t-tests, and graphical analysis using inferential confidence intervals. We concluded that using the inferential confidence intervals for displaying the overall pattern of results for each task measure and for performing subsequent pairwise comparisons of the condition means was the best method for analyzing the data in this study. These results provide quantitative support for some of the anecdotal evidence concerning visualization methods. The tasks and testing framework also provide a basis for comparing other visualization methods, for creating more effective methods and for defining additional tasks to further understand the tradeoffs among the methods. In the future, we also envision extending this work to more ambitious comparisons, such as evaluating two-dimensional vectors on two-dimensional surfaces embedded in three-dimensional space and defining analogous tasks for three-dimensional visualization methods.