Principles of traditional animation applied to 3D computer animation
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Knot removal for parametric B-spline curves and surfaces
Computer Aided Geometric Design
I3D '92 Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Lisp and Symbolic Computation
Facilitating learning with computer graphics and multimedia
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A graphics toolkit based on differential constraints
UIST '93 Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
VB2: an architecture for interaction in synthetic worlds
UIST '93 Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
An integrated environment to visually construct 3D animations
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
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Modern 3D animation systems let a growing number of people generate increasingly sophisticated animated movies, frequently for tutorials or multimedia documents. However, although these tasks are inherently three dimensional, these systems' user interfaces are still predominantly two dimensional. This makes it difficult to interactively input complex animated 3D movements. We have developed Virtual Studio, an inexpensive and easy-to-use 3D animation environment in which animators can perform all interaction directly in three dimensions. Animators can use 3D devices to specify complex 3D motions. Virtual tools are visible mediators that provide interaction metaphors to control application objects. An underlying constraint solver lets animators tightly couple application and interface objects. Users define animation by recording the effect of their manipulations on models. Virtual Studio applies data-reduction techniques to generate editable representations of each animated element that is manipulated.