Heuristics: intelligent search strategies for computer problem solving
Heuristics: intelligent search strategies for computer problem solving
Chess Skill in Man and Machine
Chess Skill in Man and Machine
Performance analysis of the technology chess program.
Performance analysis of the technology chess program.
All the right moves: a vlsi architecture for chess
All the right moves: a vlsi architecture for chess
Large-scale parallelization of alpha-beta search: an algorithmic and architectural study with computer chess
Knowledge discovery in deep blue
Communications of the ACM
Artificial Intelligence - Chips challenging champions: games, computers and Artificial Intelligence
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Computing in Science and Engineering
CG '08 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Computers and Games
A Twofold Distributed Game-Tree Search Approach Using Interconnected Clusters
Euro-Par '08 Proceedings of the 14th international Euro-Par conference on Parallel Processing
Strategy-acquisition system for video trading card game
ACE '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology
Optimistic selection rule better than majority voting system
CG'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Computers and games
Tree search and quantum computation
Quantum Information Processing
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The IBM Deep Blue supercomputer that defeated World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov in the 1997 historic match had 480 custom chess chips in the system. Each of these chess chips contains one of the most sophisticated chess evaluation functions ever designed, whether in hardware or in software. On a general-purpose computer, the computation performed by the chess chip for one chess position is estimated to require up to 40,000 general-purpose instructions. At 2 to 2.5 million chess positions per second, one chess chip is equivalent to a 100 billion instructions/sec supercomputer. For playing chess, Deep Blue was comparable to a general-purpose supercomputer with processing speed of up to 40 Tera operations/sec. This article describes the design philosophy, the general architecture, and the performance of the chess chips which were the main source of Deep Blue's computation power.