Introduction to statistical pattern recognition (2nd ed.)
Introduction to statistical pattern recognition (2nd ed.)
Looking at People: Sensing for Ubiquitous and Wearable Computing
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Qualitative Approach to Classifying Gaze Direction
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
3D Head Pose Estimation without Feature Tracking
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
Focus of Attention for Face and Hand Gesture Recognition Using Multiple Cameras
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Wide-Range, Person- and Illumination-Insensitive Head Orientation Estimation
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
An Algorithm for Real-Time Stereo Vision Implementation of Head Pose and Gaze Direction Measurement
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Real-time face and head detection using four directional features
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
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This paper proposes a method for estimating continuous face directions with the discrete face direction feature classes. The feature classes are composed by the linear discriminant analysis of the "four directional features" that are extracted from some people's faces looking in specified directions. Estimation by a single camera gives ambiguous results for non-frontal view of faces. Especially, it is impossible from the back of the face. However, integrating the information from the multiple cameras allows more precise face direction estimation. Experiments show that our proposed method can achieve a mean error of at most 8° and a variance of 22.4 for all face directions.