Equal opportunity interactive systems
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
User interface design
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Affordance, conventions, and design
interactions
Calculators are needlessly bad
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Usability analysis with Markov models
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Modeling Reactive Systems with Statecharts: The Statemate Approach
Modeling Reactive Systems with Statecharts: The Statemate Approach
Graphic Apology for Symmetry and Implicitness
Graphic Apology for Symmetry and Implicitness
Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
Symmetry for successful interactive systems
CHINZ '02 Proceedings of the SIGCHI-NZ Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction
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Whilst it is generally accepted as a positive criterion, affordance only gives the weakest of hints for interactive systems designers. This paper shows how useful it is to consider affordance as generated by a correspondence between program symmetries and user interface symmetries. Symmetries in state spaces (for instance, as might be visualised in statecharts) can be carried through to user interfaces and into user manuals, with beneficial results. Exploiting affordances, understood in this way, in addition to their well known user interface benefits, makes programs simpler and more reliable, and makes user manuals shorter.