Essential LISP
Visual programming, programming by example, and program visualization: a taxonomy
CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Graphical vs. textual representation: an empirical study of novices' program comprehension
Empirical studies of programmers: second workshop
Graphical program development with PECAN program development systems
SDE 1 Proceedings of the first ACM SIGSOFT/SIGPLAN software engineering symposium on Practical software development environments
An improved interface for tutorial dialogues: browsing a visual dialogue history
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 2nd Australasian conference on Computer science education
Developing intelligent programming tutors for novice programmers
ACM SIGCSE Bulletin
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We describe an intelligent tutor for programming embedded in a graphical programming language. The tutor monitors students' problem solving and provides feedback and guidance. Explanations are generated from the content of the ideal model's problem solving rules. The graphical interface is designed to facilitate the acquisition of causal models of programming. Students work in a medium that corresponds to their planning operations. The interface enables forward and backward chaining, thus conveying the structure of the planning more effectively than a text-based interface. The interface also provides a graphical record of the solution history and current goals.