Capability, potential and collaborative assistance
UM '99 Proceedings of the seventh international conference on User modeling
ITS '00 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Content design issues in adaptive hyperbooks
International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology
Content design issues in adaptive hyperbooks
International Journal of Learning Technology
Facilitating Collaboration in Virtual Environments
AH '08 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based Systems
MetaLinks: Authoring and Affordances for Conceptual and Narrative Flow in Adaptive Hyperbooks
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games
Technology at work to mediate collaborative scientific enquiry in the field
Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Supporting Learning through Intelligent and Socially Informed Technology
Proceedings of the 2009 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Learning Systems that Care: From Knowledge Representation to Affective Modelling
Scenario-based training: director's cut
AIED'11 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Artificial intelligence in education
Active learning for technology enhanced learning
EC-TEL'11 Proceedings of the 6th European conference on Technology enhanced learning: towards ubiquitous learning
Is there a way to e-bologna? cross-national collaborative activities in university courses
EC-TEL'06 Proceedings of the First European conference on Technology Enhanced Learning: innovative Approaches for Learning and Knowledge Sharing
Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors: Student-centered strategies for revolutionizing e-learning
Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors: Student-centered strategies for revolutionizing e-learning
Using an intelligent tutor and math fluency training to improve math performance
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education - Special issue on Best of ITS 2010
Disengagement in pair programming: does it matter?
Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Software Engineering
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Intelligent tutoring Systems (ITSs) adapt content and activities with the goals of being both effective and efficient instructional environments. They have goals for students to be challenged and guided in an optimal way-- without being too overwhelmed with difficult material or too bored with easy or repetitive material. We propose a particular definition of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) as a general way to describe what all ITSs try to do, and we propose a foundational analysis of instructional adaptivity, student modeling, and system evaluation in terms of the ZPD. We give an operational definition of the ZPD and give an example of its use, and summarize how instructional methods such as scaffolding can be used to maintain ZPD-learning. We also explain how our definition of the ZPD can lead to a more complete model for efficient and effective instruction than common mastery learning criteria.