Untraceable off-line cash in wallet with observers
CRYPTO '93 Proceedings of the 13th annual international cryptology conference on Advances in cryptology
Revokable and versatile electronic money (extended abstract)
CCS '96 Proceedings of the 3rd ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Trustee-based tracing extensions to anonymous cash and the making of anonymous change
Proceedings of the sixth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms
Disposable Zero-Knowledge Authentications and Their Applications to Untraceable Electronic Cash
CRYPTO '89 Proceedings of the 9th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
CRYPTO '91 Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
How To Break and Repair A "Provably Secure" Untraceable Payment System
CRYPTO '91 Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Wallet Databases with Observers
CRYPTO '92 Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
An Efficient Divisible Electronic Cash Scheme
CRYPTO '95 Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Low Cost Attacks on Tamper Resistant Devices
Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Security Protocols
Efficient Electronic Cash with Restricted Privacy
FC '97 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Financial Cryptography
Crowds: Anonymity for Web Transactions
Crowds: Anonymity for Web Transactions
An Efficient Off-line Electronic Cash System Based On The Representation Problem.
An Efficient Off-line Electronic Cash System Based On The Representation Problem.
Tamper resistance: a cautionary note
WOEC'96 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Proceedings of the Second USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce - Volume 2
Protocols for secure computations
SFCS '82 Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
Relations among privacy notions
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC)
Tracing-by-linking group signatures
ISC'05 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Information Security
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Designing a practical and complete electronic cash scheme has proved difficult. Designs must seek to optimise often conflicting metrics such as efficiency, anonymity, the ability to make exact payments. Gains in one area often result in a loss in one or more other areas. Several schemes have accepted linkability of some payments as a concession to getting the balance right. A point that has not been highlighted is the problem of preventing linking between payments made with different linkable coins. This paper reviews several electronic cash schemes which have the linkability property and concludes that linking across coins is of significant practical concern. Design improvements are suggested along with observations regarding the user's active role in preserving anonymity.