CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Information retrieval using a hypertext-based help system
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Hypertext in context
The information visualizer, an information workspace
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Graphical fisheye views of graphs
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A toolset for navigation in virtual environments
UIST '93 Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Characterizing browsing strategies in the World-Wide Web
Proceedings of the Third International World-Wide Web conference on Technology, tools and applications
Revisitation patterns in World Wide Web navigation
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Effective visualization of hierarchical graphs with the cityscape metaphor
NPIV '97 Proceedings of the 1997 workshop on New paradigms in information visualization and manipulation
Individual differences in virtual environments-introduction and overview
Journal of the American Society for Information Science - Special topic issue: individual differences in virtual environments
Spatial-semantics: how users derive shape from information space
Journal of the American Society for Information Science - Special topic issue: individual differences in virtual environments
Individual differences in a spatial-semantic virtual environment
Journal of the American Society for Information Science - Special topic issue: individual differences in virtual environments
Empirical evaluation of information visualizations: an introduction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Empirical evaluation of information visualizations
Mapping semantic information in virtual space: dimensions, variance and individual differences
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Empirical evaluation of information visualizations
The impact of text browsing on text retrieval performance
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal - Special issue on interactivity at the text retrieval conference (TREC)
Representing the Semantics of Virtual Spaces
IEEE MultiMedia
A Pattern of Islands: Exploring Public Information Space in a Private Vehicle
MHVR '94 Selected papers from the First International Conference on Hypermedia, Multimedia, and Virtual Reality: Models, Systems, and Applications
Hierarchical data visualization in desktop virtual reality
Hierarchical data visualization in desktop virtual reality
The text retrieval conferences (TRECS)
TIPSTER '98 Proceedings of a workshop on held at Baltimore, Maryland: October 13-15, 1998
Browsing a document collection represented in two-and three-dimensional virtual information space
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Evaluating the effectiveness of orientation indicators with an awareness of individual differences
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
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With advances in computer graphics, a number of innovative approaches to information visualization have been developed (e.g., Card et al, 1991). Some of these approaches create a mapping between information and corresponding structure in a virtual world. The resulting virtual worlds can be fully three dimensional (3D) or they can be implemented as a series of 2D birds-eye "snapshots" that are traversed as if they were in 3D, using operations such as panning and zooming interactively (2.5D). This paper reports a study that contrasted 3D and 2.5D performance for people with differing levels of spatial and structure learning ability. Four data collection methods were employed: search task scoring; subjective questionnaires; navigational activity logging and analysis; and administration of tests for spatial and structure-learning abilities. Analysis of the results revealed statistically significant effects of user abilities, and information environment designs. Overall, this research did not find a performance advantage for using a 3D rather than a 2.5D virtual world. In addition, users in the lowest quartile of spatial ability had significantly lower search performance in the 3D environment. The findings suggest that individual differences in traits such as spatial ability may be important in determining the usability and acceptability of 3D environments.