How to tell people where to go: comparing navigational aids
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Information retrieval using a hypertext-based help system
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
A toolset for navigation in virtual environments
UIST '93 Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Navigating large virtual spaces
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction - Special issue on human-virtual environment interaction
Wayfinding strategies and behaviors in large virtual worlds
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Design guidelines for landmarks to support navigation in virtual environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Virtual Prints: leaving trails in virtual environments
EGVE '02 Proceedings of the workshop on Virtual environments 2002
Distributed Data Mining in Credit Card Fraud Detection
IEEE Intelligent Systems
A dialogue agent for navigation support in virtual reality
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Individual differences in exploration using desktop VR
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Legibility Enhancement for Information Visualisation
VIS '95 Proceedings of the 6th conference on Visualization '95
Effects of Desktop 3D World Design on User Navigation and Search Performance
IV '00 Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Visualisation
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
The Effect of Trails on First-time and Subsequent Navigation in a Virtual Environment
VR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Conference 2005 on Virtual Reality
Automatic Landmark Identification in Large Virtual Environment: A Spatial Data Mining Approach
IV '05 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Information Visualisation
Worldlets: 3-D Thumbnails for Wayfinding in Large Virtual Worlds
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Navigating Large-Scale “Desk-Top” Virtual Buildings: Effects of Orientation Aids and Familiarity
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Maintaining Spatial Orientation during Travel in an Immersive Virtual Environment
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The Role of Global and Local Landmarks in Virtual Environment Navigation
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Algorithm Design: Foundations, Analysis and Internet Examples
Algorithm Design: Foundations, Analysis and Internet Examples
Preview of recommended routes in large-scale virtual environments
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM international conference on Virtual reality continuum and its applications
Dynamic landmark placement as a navigation aid in virtual worlds
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Personalized Previews of Alternative Routes in Virtual Environments
UM '07 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on User Modeling
Use of auditory cues for wayfinding assistance in virtual environment: music aids route decision
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
A tangible user interface for assessing cognitive mapping ability
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Modeling human bipedal navigation in a dynamic three dimensional virtual environment
ICDHM'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Digital human modeling
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Advances in computing techniques, as well as the reduction in the cost of technology, have made possible the viability and spread of complex virtual environments (VEs). However, efficient navigation within these environments remains problematic for the user. Several research projects have shown that users of VEs are often disoriented and have extreme difficulty completing navigational tasks. Furthermore, there is often more than one route to get to a specified destination. Novice users often lack the spatial knowledge needed to pick an appropriate route due to the deficiency of experience with the system. A number of navigation tools such as maps, 3-D thumbnails, trails, and personal agents have been proposed. The introduction of these tools have met with some degree of success, but most researchers agree that new techniques need to be developed to aid users efficiently navigate within complex VEs. In this paper, we propose the frequent wayfinding-sequence (FWS) methodology that uses a modified sequence mining technique to discover a model of routes taken by experienced users of a VE. The model is used to build an interface that provides navigation assistance to novice users by recommending routes. We conducted both real world and simulation experiments using our methodology. Results from the real world experiment suggest that the FWS approach has the potential to improve the user's navigation performance and the quality of the human-computer interaction. Our simulation studies showed that our approach is scalable, efficient, and able to find useful route models for complex VEs.