How to tell people where to go: comparing navigational aids
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Microcognition: philosophy, cognitive science, and parallel distributed processing
Microcognition: philosophy, cognitive science, and parallel distributed processing
Virtual reality
Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments
Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments
A toolset for navigation in virtual environments
UIST '93 Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Spatial knowledge acquisition in a virtual environment
Spatial knowledge acquisition in a virtual environment
Wayfinding in large-scale virtual worlds
Wayfinding in large-scale virtual worlds
Navigation in electronic worlds: a CHI 97 workshop
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
The Science of Virtual Reality and Virtual Environments
The Science of Virtual Reality and Virtual Environments
Spatial learning: cognitive mapping in abstract virtual environments
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Computer graphics, virtual Reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa
The human-computer interaction handbook
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Planning optimal paths: A simple assessment of survey spatial knowledge in virtual environments
Computers in Human Behavior
Navigation help in 3D worlds: some empirical evidences on use of sound
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The Use of Cognitive Maps and Case-Based Reasoning for B2B Negotiation
Journal of Management Information Systems
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A multiscale progressive model on virtual navigation
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
CAKES-NEGO: Causal knowledge-based expert system for B2B negotiation
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Computers in Human Behavior
Interacting with Computers
Review: Narrowing gender-based performance gaps in virtual environment navigation
Computers in Human Behavior
Lost in navigation: evaluating a mobile map app for a fair
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
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This paper proposes a theoretical model of wayfinding that can be used to guide the design of navigational aiding in virtual environments. Based on an evaluation of wayfinding studies in natural environments, this model divides the wayfinding process into three main subprocesses: cognitive mapping, wayfinding plan development, and physical movement or navigation through an environment. While this general subdivision has been proposed before, the current model further delineates the wayfinding process, including the distinct influences of spatial information, spatial orientation, and spatial knowledge. The influences of experience, abilities, search strategies, motivation, and environmental layout on the wayfinding process are also considered. With this specification of the wayfinding process, a taxonomy of navigational tools is then proposed that can be used to systematically aid the specified wayfinding subprocesses. If effectively applied to the design of a virtual environment, the use of such tools should lead to reduced disorientation and enhanced wayfinding in large-scale virtual spaces. It is also suggested that, in some cases, this enhanced wayfinding performance may be at the expense of the acquisition of an accurate cognitive map of the virtual environment being traversed.