The design of electronic map displays
Human Factors
A toolset for navigation in virtual environments
UIST '93 Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Design guidelines for landmarks to support navigation in virtual environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Effects of Travel Technique on Cognition in Virtual Environments
VR '04 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2004
The Effect of Trails on First-time and Subsequent Navigation in a Virtual Environment
VR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Conference 2005 on Virtual Reality
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Navigation and Acquisition of Spatial Knowledge in a Virtual Maze
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The Role of Global and Local Landmarks in Virtual Environment Navigation
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A virtual reality laboratory for undergraduates
Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges
Use of auditory cues for wayfinding assistance in virtual environment: music aids route decision
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
A tangible user interface for assessing cognitive mapping ability
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Distance field illumination: a rendering method to aid in navigation of virtual environments
ISVC'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part II
Review: Narrowing gender-based performance gaps in virtual environment navigation
Computers in Human Behavior
Visual attention to wayfinding aids in virtual environments
JVRC '13 Proceedings of the 5th Joint Virtual Reality Conference
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In this paper, we explore the use of dynamically placed landmarks as navigation aids when users search a virtual world for target objects. Subjects were asked to search a virtual world four times for six red spheres. Eighty-six subjects participated in one of four conditions: no landmarks, statically placed landmarks, landmarks dynamically placed into the world at the subject's discretion that disappeared from trial to trial, and landmarks dynamically placed into the world at the subject's discretion that remained from trial to trial. An analysis of the experimental results revealed that dynamic landmarks which disappeared between trials had little impact on a subject's performance. However, when landmarks remained in the world from one trial to the next, subjects covered significantly less distance than those in the no landmark condition, and obtained similar performance to those in the static landmark condition. Results indicate that dynamically placed landmarks, which remain between visits, can serve as effective navigation aids in virtual worlds lacking obvious physical landmarks.