The mental rotation and perceived realism of computer-generated three-dimensional images
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Project GROPEHaptic displays for scientific visualization
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages
Computers and Biomedical Research
User analysis in HCI—the historical lessons from individual differences research
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Guidelines for using multiple views in information visualization
AVI '00 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
AVI '00 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Individual differences in virtual environments-introduction and overview
Journal of the American Society for Information Science - Special topic issue: individual differences in virtual environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Gender, software design, and occupational equity
ACM SIGCSE Bulletin - Women and Computing
AnatomyBrowser: A Framework for Integration of Medical Information
MICCAI '98 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Individual differences in exploration using desktop VR
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Human Factors in Visualization Research
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Frames of reference in virtual object rotation
APGV '04 Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Effectiveness of end-user debugging software features: are there gender issues?
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mental Registration of 2D and 3D Visualizations (An Empirical Study)
Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS'03)
Evaluating Visualizations: Do Expert Reviews Work?
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
3D object recognition with motion
CHI EA '97 CHI '97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Tinkering and gender in end-user programmers' debugging
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Virtual and augmented reality as spatial ability training tools
CHINZ '06 Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCHI New Zealand chapter's international conference on Computer-human interaction: design centered HCI
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
ViewCube: a 3D orientation indicator and controller
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
Using mental rotation as a methodology to evaluate shape perception in computer graphics
Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Multiscale 3D reference visualization
Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization
Kinect based 3D object manipulation on a desktop display
Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception
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Understanding how users perceive 3D geometric objects can provide a basis for creating more effective tools for visualization in applications such as CAD or medical imaging. This article examines how orientation indicators affect users' accuracy in perceiving the shape of a 3D object shown as multiple views. Multiple views force users to infer the orientation of an object and recognize corresponding features between distinct vantage points. These are difficult tasks, and not all users are able to carry them out accurately. We use a cognitive experimental paradigm to evaluate the effectiveness of two types of orientation indicators on a person's ability to compare views of objects presented in different orientations. The orientation indicators implemented were colocated, which shared a center-point with the 3D object, or noncolocated with (displaced from) the 3D object. The study accounts for additional factors including object complexity, axis of rotation, and users' individual differences in spatial abilities. Our results show that an orientation indicator helps users in comparing multiple views, and that the effect is influenced by the type of aid, a person's spatial ability, and the difficulty of the task. In addition to establishing an effect of an orientation indicator, this article helps demonstrate the application of a particular experimental paradigm and analysis, as well as the importance of considering individual differences when designing interface aids.