Information visualization using 3D interactive animation
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on graphical user interfaces
Do algorithm animations assist learning?: an empirical study and analysis
INTERCHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 conference on Human factors in computing systems
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluating stereo and motion cues for visualizing information nets in three dimensions
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Rethinking the evaluation of algorithm animations as learning aids: an observational study
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Interactive graphical communication
Evaluating Using Animation to Improve Understanding of Sequence Diagrams
IWPC '02 Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Program Comprehension
Combining 2D and 3D views for orientation and relative position tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mental Registration of 2D and 3D Visualizations (An Empirical Study)
Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS'03)
Visualization Task Performance with 2D, 3D, and Combination Displays
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
3D contour perception for flow visualization
APGV '06 Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Insitu: sketching architectural designs in context
Proceedings of the 2011 SIGGRAPH Asia Conference
Evaluating the effectiveness of orientation indicators with an awareness of individual differences
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
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Visualizations of 3D spatial structures use various techniques such as user controlled interactions or 2D projection views to convey the structure to users. Researchers have shown that motion cues can help assimilate the structure of 3D spatial data, particularly for discerning occluded parts of the objects. However, motion cues or smooth animations also have costs - they increase the viewing time. What remains unclear is whether any one particular viewing time. What remains unclear is whether any one particular viewing modality allows users to understand and operate on the 3D structure as effectively as a combination of 2D and 3D static views. To assess the effectiveness of understanding 3D structures, we carried out three experiments. In all three experiments we evaluated the effectiveness of perceiving 3D structures with either self controlled interactions, animated transitions, and 2D+3D static views. In the first experiment, subjects were given a task to estimate the relative distances of objects in a 3D scene. In the second experiment, subjects made judgements to discern and identify the existence of differences between 3D objects. In the third experiment, participants were required to reconstruct a 3D spatial structure based on the 3D models presented to them. Results of the three experiments reveal that participants were more accurate and performed the spatial tasks faster with smooth animations and self-controlled interactions than with 2D+3D static views. Our results overall suggest that the costs involved in interacting or animating a 3D spatial structure are significantly outweighed by the perceptual benefits derived from viewing and interacting in these modes of presentation.