Exploration and virtual camera control in virtual three dimensional environments
I3D '90 Proceedings of the 1990 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Rapid controlled movement through a virtual 3D workspace
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Through-the-lens camera control
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
I3D '92 Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Automatic viewing control for 3D direct manipulation
I3D '92 Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Guided navigation of virtual environments
I3D '95 Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
CamDroid: a system for implementing intelligent camera control
I3D '95 Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Virtual reality on a WIM: interactive worlds in miniature
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The virtual cinematographer: a paradigm for automatic real-time camera control and directing
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Two pointer input for 3D interaction
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Context sensitive flying interface
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Efficient navigation around complex virtual environments
VRST '97 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Constrained 3D navigation with 2D controllers
VIS '97 Proceedings of the 8th conference on Visualization '97
Path drawing for 3D walkthrough
Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Intelligent multi-shot visualization interfaces for dynamic 3D worlds
IUI '99 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Toolspaces and glances: storing, accessing, and retrieving objects in 3D desktop applications
I3D '99 Proceedings of the 1999 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
UniCam—2D gestural camera controls for 3D environments
I3D '99 Proceedings of the 1999 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Exploring bimanual camera control and object manipulation in 3D graphics interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Testbed evaluation of virtual environment interaction techniques
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Generating virtual camera compositions
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Exploring 3D navigation: combining speed-coupled flying with orbiting
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
StyleCam: interactive stylized 3D navigation using integrated spatial & temporal controls
Proceedings of the 15th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the 15th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Travel in Immersive Virtual Environments: An Evaluation of Viewpoint Motion Control Techniques
VRAIS '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS '97)
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
HoverCam: interactive 3D navigation for proximal object inspection
Proceedings of the 2005 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
ShowMotion: camera motion based 3D design review
I3D '06 Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
High quality navigation in computer games
Science of Computer Programming
ViewCube: a 3D orientation indicator and controller
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
PieCursor: merging pointing and command selection for rapid in-place tool switching
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Declarative camera control for automatic cinematography
AAAI'96 Proceedings of the thirteenth national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Multiscale 3D reference visualization
Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
2LIP: filling the gap between the current and the three-dimensional web
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on 3D Web Technology
Exploring the design space of multiscale 3D orientation
Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
Bimanual handheld mixed reality interfaces for urban planning
Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Effects of view, input device, and track width on video game driving
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2011
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on 3D Web Technology
Usability tests for improvement of 3D navigation in multiscale environments
HCD'11 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Human centered design
Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing - Representing and Reasoning About Three-Dimensional Space
A dual-mode user interface for accessing 3D content on the world wide web
Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web
Evaluating the effectiveness of orientation indicators with an awareness of individual differences
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
A point-based system for local and remote exploration of dense 3D scanned models
VAST'09 Proceedings of the 10th International conference on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
On the design of a Dual-Mode User Interface for accessing 3D content on the World Wide Web
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Evaluating devices and navigation tools in 3D environments
HCI'13 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-Computer Interaction: interaction modalities and techniques - Volume Part IV
Assessing and improving 3D rotation transition in dense visualizations
BCS-HCI '13 Proceedings of the 27th International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference
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Typical commercial 3D CAD tools provide modal tools such as pan, zoom, orbit, look, etc. to facilitate freeform navigation in a 3D scene. Mastering these navigation tools requires a significant amount of learning and even experienced computer users can find learning confusing and error-prone. To address this we have developed a concept called "Safe 3D Navigation" where we augment these modal tools with properties to reduce the occurance of confusing situations and improve the learning experience. In this paper we describe the major properties needed for safe navigation, the features we implemented to realize these properties, and usability tests on the effectiveness of these features. We conclude that indeed these properties do improve the learning experience for users that are new to 3D. Furthermore, many of the features we implemented for safe navigation are also very popular with experienced 3D users. As a result, these features have been integrated into six commercial 3D CAD applications and we recommend other application developers include these features to improve 3D navigation.