Bat brushes: on the uses of six position and orientation parameters in a paint program
CHI '89 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Using hand position for virtual object placement
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
ARCBALL: a user interface for specifying three-dimensional orientation using a mouse
Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '92
Usability analysis of 3D rotation techniques
Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The structure of object transportation and orientation in human-computer interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Rotating virtual objects with real handles
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
The role of kinesthetic reference frames in two-handed input performance
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A study in interactive 3-D rotation using 2-D control devices
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The importance of accurate VR head registration on skilled motor performance
GI '06 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006
Spatial input device structure and bimanual object manipulation in virtual environments
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Analysis of active handrest control methods
EuroHaptics'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Haptics: generating and perceiving tangible sensations, Part I
EuroHaptics'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Haptics - generating and perceiving tangible sensations: Part II
Active Handrest: A large workspace tool for precision manipulation
International Journal of Robotics Research
Evaluating the effectiveness of orientation indicators with an awareness of individual differences
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
JVRC'09 Proceedings of the 15th Joint virtual reality Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
Evaluating the efficiency of physical visualizations
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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It is difficult with most current computer interfaces to rotate a virtual object so that it matches the orientation of another virtual object. Times to perform this simple task can exceed 20 seconds whereas the same kind of rotation can be accomplished with real objects and with some VR interfaces in less than two seconds. In many advanced 3D user interfaces, the hand manipulating a virtual object is not in the same place as the object being manipulated. The available evidence suggests that this is not usually a significant problem for manipulations requiring translations of virtual objects, but it is when rotations are required. We hypothesize that the problems may be caused by frame of reference effects---mismatches between the visual frame of reference and the haptic frame of reference. Here we report two experiments designed to study interactions between visual and haptic reference frames space.In our first study we investigated the effect of rotating the frame of the controller with respect to the frame of the object being rotated. We measured a broad U--shaped relationship. Subjects could tolerate quite large mismatches, but when the orientation mismatch approached 90 degrees performance deteriorated rapidly by up to a factor of 5. In our second experiment we manipulated both rotational and translational correspondence between visual and haptic frames of reference. We predicted that the haptic reference frame might rotate in egocentric coordinates when the input device was in a different location than the virtual object. The experimental results showed a change in the direction predicted; they are consistent with a rotation of the haptic frame of reference, although only by about half the magnitude predicted. Implications for the design of control devices are discussed.