Agile application-aware adaptation for mobility
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Software controlled power management
CODES '99 Proceedings of the seventh international workshop on Hardware/software codesign
Power conscious fixed priority scheduling for hard real-time systems
Proceedings of the 36th annual ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
A predictive system shutdown method for energy saving of event-driven computation
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
Operating-system directed power reduction
ISLPED '00 Proceedings of the 2000 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
System architecture directions for networked sensors
ASPLOS IX Proceedings of the ninth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Energy efficient fixed-priority scheduling for real-time systems on variable voltage processors
Proceedings of the 38th annual Design Automation Conference
Dynamic voltage scaling on a low-power microprocessor
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Energy priority scheduling for variable voltage processors
ISLPED '01 Proceedings of the 2001 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Dynamic Power Management: Design Techniques and CAD Tools
Dynamic Power Management: Design Techniques and CAD Tools
Power optimization of real-time embedded systems on variable speed processors
Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
A scheduling model for reduced CPU energy
FOCS '95 Proceedings of the 36th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
Dynamic Voltage Scaling Techniques for Distributed Microsensor Networks
WVLSI '00 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Annual Workshop on VLSI (WVLSI'00)
Predictive Strategies for Low-Power RTOS Scheduling
ICCD '00 Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers & Processors
Event-Driven Power Management of Portable Systems
Proceedings of the 12th international symposium on System synthesis
Architectural and Compiler Strategies for Dynamic Power Management in the COPPER Project
IWIA '01 Proceedings of the Innovative Architecture for Future Generation High-Performance Processors and Systems (IWIA'01)
Adaptive Power-Fidelity in Energy-Aware Wireless Embedded Systems
RTSS '01 Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Policy optimization for dynamic power management
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
GRACE-1: Cross-Layer Adaptation for Multimedia Quality and Battery Energy
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
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Dynamic Power Management (DPM) is an important component of the overall power minimization in embedded computer systems. DPM strategies must often make a tradeoff between real-time performance, computation accuracy and energy needs. However, to make such tradeoffs, we need an efficient way to exchange energy/power and performance related information among the hardware, operating system and the application. In this article, we describe the design and implementation of a power-aware application programming interface (API) that enables the application programmer and OS to implement energy-efficient real-time operating system (RTOS) services and applications. The API provides the capability to specify functionality, precision, and timing contracts between the RTOS and underlying hardware and between the application and the RTOS. Both of these specifications are independent of hardware and RTOS platforms being used. The current implementation provides for services to enable processor voltage and frequency scaling, constraints on frequency-voltage transitions, polling of battery status (if the system is battery based), routines to control energy-speed and energy-accuracy knobs available on IO devices such as network interfaces, display screen, etc. The API is implemented using an open source and object oriented eCos RTOS. The API implementation has been shown to work using the Compaq iPAQ (SA 1110) and an Intel XScale based hardware platform.