Speech Communication
Speech and expression: a computer solution to face animation
Proceedings on Graphics Interface '86/Vision Interface '86
Automated lip-synch and speech synthesis for character animation
CHI '87 Proceedings of the SIGCHI/GI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface
Volumetric shape description of range data using “Blobby Model”
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
An implicit formulation for precise contact modeling between flexible solids
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Implicit surfaces for semi-automatic medical organ reconstruction
Computer graphics
A Generalization of Algebraic Surface Drawing
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
SIGGRAPH '81 Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Parameterized Models for Facial Animation
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Model-based face and lip animation for interactive virtual reality applications
MULTIMEDIA '01 Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Creating Speech-Synchronized Animation
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
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3D models of the lips have been developed in the framework of an audio visual articulatory speech synthesizer. Unlike most of the regions of the human face, the lips are essentially characterized by their border contours. The internal and external contours of the vermilion zone can be fitted by means of algebraic equations. The coefficients of these equations must be controlled so that the lip shape can be adapted to speaker dependent conformations and to any speech "gesture". To reach this goal, a 3D model of the lips has been based on a geometrical analysis of the natural lips of a French speaker. Our lip model was developed by adjusting a set of continuous functions best fitting the contours of 22 reference lip shapes. Only five parameters are necessary to predict all the equations of the contours of the lip model. From this model, a volumetric model based on implicit surfaces was also developed to take into account lip contact.