Congestion avoidance and control
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TCP/IP illustrated (vol. 1): the protocols
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TCP Vegas: new techniques for congestion detection and avoidance
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Automated packet trace analysis of TCP implementations
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The macroscopic behavior of the TCP congestion avoidance algorithm
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IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
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SIGMETRICS '98/PERFORMANCE '98 Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGMETRICS joint international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
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SIGMETRICS '99 Proceedings of the 1999 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
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Proceedings of the 9th international World Wide Web conference on Computer networks : the international journal of computer and telecommunications netowrking
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Communications of the ACM
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IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
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ICNP '98 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Network Protocols
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ATEC '98 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
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ATEC '99 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Statistical performance critical path analysis for service-oriented systems
ACM-SE 45 Proceedings of the 45th annual southeast regional conference
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Improving the performance of data transfers in the Internet (such as Web transfers) requires a detailed understanding of when and how delays are introduced. Unfortunately, the complexity of data transfers like those using HTTP is great enough that identifying the precise causes of delays is difficult. In this paper we describe a method for pinpointing where delays are introduced into applications like HTTP by using critical path analysis. By constructing and profiling the critical path, it is possible to determine what fraction of total transfer latency is due to packet propagation, network variation (e.g., queuing at touters or route fluctuation), packet losses, and delays at the server and at the client. We have implemented our technique in a tool called tcpeval that automates critical path analysis for Web transactions. We show that our analysis method is robust enough to analyze traces taken for two different TCP implementations (Linux and FreeBSD). To demonstrate the utility of our approach, we present the results of critical path analysis for a set of Web transactions taken over 14 days under a variety of server and network conditions. The results show that critical path analysis can shed considerable light on the causes of delays in Web transfers, and can expose subtleties in the behavior of the entire end-to-end system.