Power considerations in the design of the Alpha 21264 microprocessor
DAC '98 Proceedings of the 35th annual Design Automation Conference
Pipeline gating: speculation control for energy reduction
Proceedings of the 25th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Wattch: a framework for architectural-level power analysis and optimizations
Proceedings of the 27th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
ISCA '01 Proceedings of the 28th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Proceedings of the 34th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
Measuring Experimental Error in Microprocessor Simulation
ISCA '01 Proceedings of the 28th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Saving energy with just in time instruction delivery
Proceedings of the 2002 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
The Alpha 21264 Microprocessor
IEEE Micro
Circuit Implementation of a 600MHz Superscalar RISC Microprocessor
ICCD '98 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design
Power Issues Related to Branch Prediction
HPCA '02 Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture
Runtime identification of microprocessor energy saving opportunities
ISLPED '05 Proceedings of the 2005 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Improving Memory Subsystem Performance Using ViVA: Virtual Vector Architecture
ARCS '09 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems
End-to-end validation of architectural power models
Proceedings of the 14th ACM/IEEE international symposium on Low power electronics and design
On reducing load/store latencies of cache accesses
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
EnerJ: approximate data types for safe and general low-power computation
Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation
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The increase in high-performance microprocessor power consumption is due in part to the large power overhead of wide-issue, highly speculative cores. Microarchitectural speculation, such as branch prediction, increases instruction throughput but carries a power burden due to wasted power for mis-speculated instructions. Pipeline over-provisioning supplies excess resources which often go unused. In this paper, we use our detailed performance and power model for an Alpha 21264 to measure both the useful energy and the wasted effort due to mis-speculation and over-provisioning. Our experiments show that flushed instructions account for approximately 6% of total energy, while over-provisioning imposes a tax of 17% on average. These results suggest opportunities for power savings and energy efficiency throughout microprocessor pipelines.