Improving Knowledge Management in Software Reuse Process
PROFES '01 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Product Focused Software Process Improvement
Towards a Framework for Managing the Information Environment
Information-Knowledge-Systems Management
PAKM '08 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management
Advanced Engineering Informatics
Visual histories of decision processes for creative collaboration
CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A game theoretical approach to broadcast information diffusion in social networks
Proceedings of the 44th Annual Simulation Symposium
The Evolution of Management Information Systems: A Literature Review
Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science
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In knowledge management literature it is often pointed out that it is important to distinguish between data, information and knowledge. The generally accepted view sees data as simple facts that become information as data is combined into meaningful structures, which subsequently become knowledge as meaningful information is put into a context and when it can be used to make predictions. This view sees data as a prerequisite for information, and information as a prerequisite for knowledge. In this paper, I will explore the conceptual hierarchy of data, information and knowledge, showing that data emerges only after we have information, and that information emerges only after we already have knowledge. The reversed hierarchy of knowledge is shown to lead to a different approach in developing information systems that support knowledge management and organizational memory. It is also argued that this difference may have major implications for organizational flexibility and renewal.