Talking to UNIX in English: an overview of UC
Communications of the ACM
Conceptual Information Processing
Conceptual Information Processing
"There"-constructions: A case study in grammatical construction
"There"-constructions: A case study in grammatical construction
A Knowledge-Based Approach to Language Production
A Knowledge-Based Approach to Language Production
Generating natural language text in response to questions about database structure
Generating natural language text in response to questions about database structure
Relating syntax and semantics: the syntactico-semantic lexicon of the system VIE-LANG
EACL '83 Proceedings of the first conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
TINLAP '75 Proceedings of the 1975 workshop on Theoretical issues in natural language processing
Functional Unification Grammar: a formalism for machine translation
ACL '84 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Conceptual and linguistic decisions in generation
ACL '84 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Telegram: a grammar formalism for language planning
ACL '83 Proceedings of the 21st annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Parsing with flexibility, dynamic strategies, and idioms in mind
Computational Linguistics
Machine translation divergences: a formal description and proposed solution
Computational Linguistics
Language analysis in not-so-limited domains
ACM '86 Proceedings of 1986 ACM Fall joint computer conference
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Floating constraints in lexical choice
Computational Linguistics
FLUSH: a flexible lexicon design
ACL '87 Proceedings of the 25th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Lexical selection in the process of language generation
ACL '87 Proceedings of the 25th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Algorithms for generation in Lambek Theorem Proving
ACL '90 Proceedings of the 28th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Automatically extracting and representing collocations for language generation
ACL '90 Proceedings of the 28th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Knowledge structures for natural language generation
COLING '86 Proceedings of the 11th coference on Computational linguistics
Sequencing in a connectionist model of language processing
COLING '88 Proceedings of the 12th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
COLING '88 Proceedings of the 12th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
SAGE: a sentence parsing and generation system
COLING '88 Proceedings of the 12th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
A uniform architecture for parsing and generation
COLING '88 Proceedings of the 12th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
COLING '88 Proceedings of the 12th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
The lexicon in text generation
HLT '86 Proceedings of the workshop on Strategic computing natural language
Bidirectional use of knowledge in the multi-modal NL access system XTRA
IJCAI'89 Proceedings of the 11th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Customization in a unified framework for summarizing medical literature
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Corpus analysis for revision-based generation of complex sentences
AAAI'93 Proceedings of the eleventh national conference on Artificial intelligence
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PHRED (PHRasal English Diction is a natural language generator designed for use in a variety of domains. It was constructed to share a knowledge base with PHRAN (PHRasal ANalyzer) as part of a real-time user-friendly interface. The knowledge base consists of pattern-concept pairs, i.e., associations between linguistic structures and conceptual templates. Using this knowledge base, PHRED produces appropriate and grammatical natural language output from a conceptual representation.PHRED and PHRAN are currently used as central components of the user interface to the UNIX Consultant System (UC). This system answers questions and solves problems related to the UNIX 3 operating system. UC passes the conceptual form of its responses, usually either questions or answers to questions, to the PHRED generator, which expresses them in the user's language. Currently the consultant can answer questions and produce its responses in either English or Spanish.There are a number of practical advantages to PHRED as the generation component of a natural language system. Having a knowledge base shared between analyzer and generator eliminates the redundancy of having separate grammars and lexicons for input and output. It avoids possibly awkward inconsistencies caused by such a separation, and allows for interchangeable interfaces, such as the English and Spanish versions of the UC interface.The phrasal approach to language processing realized in PHRED has proven helpful in generation as in analysis. PHRED commands the use of idioms, grammatical constructions, and canned phrases without a specialized mechanism or data structure. This is accomplished without restricting the ability of the generator to utilize more general linguistic knowledge.As the generation component of a natural language interface, PHRED affords extensibility, simplicity, and processing speed. Its design incorporates a cognitive motivation as well. It diverges from the traditional computational approach by focusing on the use of specialized phrasal knowledge. This phrasal approach minimizes the autonomy of the individual word, the bane of some earlier approaches to language processing. The two-stage process used by PHRED to select appropriate linguistic structures also fits well with cognitive theories of language and memory.