What video can and can't do for collaboration: a case study
MULTIMEDIA '93 Proceedings of the first ACM international conference on Multimedia
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CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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The SmartPhone: Interactive Group Audio with Complementary Symbolic Control
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An empirical study of the use of visually enhanced voip audio conferencing: the case of IEAC
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Three studies of collaborative activity were conducted as part ofresearch in developing multimedia technology to supportcollaboration. One study surveyed users' opinions of their use ofvideo conference rooms. Users indicated that the availability ofthe video conference rooms was too limited, audio quality neededimprovement, and a shared drawing space was needed. A second studyanalyzed videotapes of a work group when meeting face-to-face,video conferencing, and phone conferencing. The analyses found thatthe noticeable audio delay in video conferencing made it difficultfor the participants to manage turn-taking and coordinate eyegazes. In the third study, a distributed team was observed underthree conditions: using their existing collaboration tools, addinga desktop conferencing prototype (audio, video, and shared drawingtool), and subtracting the video capability from the prototype.Data was collected by videotaping the team, interviewing the teammembers individually, and recording the teams' usage of the phone,elec-tronic mail, face-to-face meetings, and desktop conferencing.The team's use of the desktop conferencing prototype droppeddramatically when the video capability was taken away. Analysis ofthe videotape records showed that the video channel was used tohelp mediate their interaction and convey visual communication.Desktop conferencing substituted for e-mail usage and perhapssubstituted for shorter, two-person meetings.