A unified approach to approximation algorithms for bottleneck problems
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Introduction to algorithms
Graph drawing by force-directed placement
Software—Practice & Experience
Communications of the ACM
Drawing graphs nicely using simulated annealing
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Drawing graphs to convey proximity: an incremental arrangement method
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Information visualization: perception for design
Information visualization: perception for design
Drawing graphs: methods and models
Drawing graphs: methods and models
A multi scale algorithm for drawing graphs nicely
Discrete Applied Mathematics - special issue on the 25th international workshop on graph theoretic concepts in computer science (WG'99)
Graph Drawing: Algorithms for the Visualization of Graphs
Graph Drawing: Algorithms for the Visualization of Graphs
Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness
Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness
How to Draw a Planar Clustered Graph
COCOON '95 Proceedings of the First Annual International Conference on Computing and Combinatorics
Fast Interactive 3-D Graph Visualization
GD '95 Proceedings of the Symposium on Graph Drawing
A Parallel Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Generating 3D Layouts of Undirected Graphs
GD '95 Proceedings of the Symposium on Graph Drawing
3D Graph Drawing with Simulated Annealing
GD '95 Proceedings of the Symposium on Graph Drawing
Straight-Line Drawing Algorithms for Hierarchical Graphs and Clustered Graphs
GD '96 Proceedings of the Symposium on Graph Drawing
Two Algorithms for Three Dimensional Orthogonal Graph Drawing
GD '96 Proceedings of the Symposium on Graph Drawing
Incremental Orthogonal Graph Drawing in Three Dimensions
GD '97 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Graph Drawing
Three Approaches to 3D-Orthogonal Box-Drawings
GD '98 Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Graph Drawing
Improved Force-Directed Layouts
GD '98 Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Graph Drawing
JIGGLE: Java Interactive Graph Layout Environment
GD '98 Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Graph Drawing
A Simple Algorithm for Drawing Large Graphs on Small Screens
GD '94 Proceedings of the DIMACS International Workshop on Graph Drawing
A Fast Adaptive Layout Algorithm for Undirected Graphs
GD '94 Proceedings of the DIMACS International Workshop on Graph Drawing
Multilevel Visualization of Clustered Graphs
GD '96 Proceedings of the Symposium on Graph Drawing
Visualizing object oriented software in three dimensions
CASCON '93 Proceedings of the 1993 conference of the Centre for Advanced Studies on Collaborative research: software engineering - Volume 1
Non-Euclidean Spring Embedders
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
A new method to optimize the force-directed placement for 3D large graph drawing
AFRIGRAPH '07 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer graphics, virtual reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa
Multi-Level Graph Layout on the GPU
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Proceedings of the 4th ACM symposium on Software visualization
From Web to Map: Exploring the World of Music
WI-IAT '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology - Volume 01
Rapid Multipole Graph Drawing on the GPU
Graph Drawing
Improved efficiency of spring embedders: taking advantage of GPU programming
VIIP '07 The Seventh IASTED International Conference on Visualization, Imaging and Image Processing
Force-directed approaches to sensor localization
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Drawing graphs in the plane with a prescribed outer face and polynomial area
GD'10 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Graph drawing
A new force-directed graph drawing method based on edge-edge repulsion
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Force-Directed lombardi-style graph drawing
GD'11 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Graph Drawing
EUROVIS'07 Proceedings of the 9th Joint Eurographics / IEEE VGTC conference on Visualization
Force-Directed graph drawing using social gravity and scaling
GD'12 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Graph Drawing
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We present a novel hierarchical force-directed method for drawing large graphs. Given a graph G=(V.E), the algorithm produces an embedding for G in an Euclidean space E of any dimension. A two or three dimensional drawing of the graph is then obtained by projecting a higher-dimensional embedding into a two or three dimensional subspace of E. Such projections typically result in drawings that are "smoother" and more symmetric than direct drawings in 2D and 3D. In order to obtain fast placement of the vertices of the graph our algorithm employs a multi-scale technique based on a maximal independent set filtration of vertices of the graph. While most existing force-directed algorithms begin with an initial random placement of all the vertices, our algorithm attempts to place vertices "intelligently", close to their final positions. Other notable features of our approach include a fast energy function minimization strategy and efficient memory management. Our implementation of the algorithm can draw graphs with tens of thousands of vertices using a negligible amount of memory in less than one minute on a 550 MHz Pentium PC.