WYSIWIS revised: early experiences with multiuser interfaces
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Who's in charge here?: Cooperative work and authority negotiation in police helicopter missions
CSCW '88 Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
Design for conversation: lessons from Cognoter
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies - Computer-supported cooperative work and groupware. Part 1
Using small screen space more efficiently
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Collaboration in performance of physical tasks: effects on outcomes and communication
CSCW '96 Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Fragmented interaction: establishing mutual orientation in virtual environments
CSCW '98 Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Improving Web interaction on small displays
WWW '99 Proceedings of the eighth international conference on World Wide Web
At what cost pervasive? a social computing view of mobile computing systems
IBM Systems Journal
The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems
Communications of the ACM
An architecture for heterogeneous groupware applications
ICSE '01 Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Software Engineering
HCI '98 Proceedings of HCI on People and Computers XIII
Designing and Examining PC to Palm Collaboration
HICSS '02 Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'02)-Volume 1 - Volume 1
Leadership and Collaboration in Shared Virtual Environments
VR '99 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality
Asymmetries in Collaborative Wearable Interfaces
ISWC '99 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
Semantic Telepointers for Groupware
OZCHI '96 Proceedings of the 6th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (OZCHI '96)
Supporting Collaboration in Heterogeneous Environments
Journal of Management Information Systems
Proceedings of the VIII Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Asymmetric synchronous collaboration within distributed teams
EPCE'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics
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People use personal data assistants in the field to collect data and to communicate with others both in the field and office. The individual in the office invariably has a laptop or a high-end personal workstation and thus, significantly more computing power, more screen real estate, and higher volume input devices, such as a mouse and keyboard. These differences give the high-end user the ability to represent and manipulate collaborative tasks more effectively. It is therefore useful to know what impact these differences have on work performance and work communications. Four different platform combinations involving a PC and a PDA were used to examine the effect of communicating via heterogeneous computer platforms. The PC platform used a mouse, a keyboard, and a 3-dimensional screen display. The PDA platform used a stylus, soft buttons, and a 2-dimensional screen display. A variation of the Tetris wall-building game called Slow Tetris was used as the subjects' collaborative task. A second factor in the experiment was role asymmetry. One subject was arbitrarily put in charge of the task solution in all of the combinations. An analysis of the solution times found that subjects with mixed platforms worked slower than their homogeneous counterparts, that is, a person in charge with a PC worked faster if his partner had a PC. An in-depth analysis of the communication patterns found significant differences in the exchanges between heterogeneous and homogenous combinations. The PC-to-PDA combination (with the person on the PC in charge of the solution) took significantly more time than the PC-to-PC combination. This extra time appears to come from the disadvantage of having a partner on the PDA who is unable to help in solving the problems. The PDA-to-PC combination took approximately the same amount of time as the PDA-to-PDA combination despite having one team member with a better representation. This member was, unfortunately, not in charge of the solution. The PDA-to-PC heterogeneous combination exhibited more direction giving, less one-sided collaboration, and more takeover attempts than any of the other combinations. Overall, roles were maintained in the partnerships except for the person with the PDA directing the person with the PC.