The spatial metaphor for user interfaces: experimental tests of reference by location versus name
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Evaluating stereo and motion cues for visualizing information nets in three dimensions
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Data mountain: using spatial memory for document management
Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Information visualization: perception for design
Information visualization: perception for design
The Task Gallery: a 3D window manager
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An initial examination of ease of use for 2D and 3D information visualizations of Web content
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Empirical evaluation of information visualizations
3D or not 3D?: evaluating the effect of the third dimension in a document management system
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluating the effectiveness of spatial memory in 2D and 3D physical and virtual environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Learning where to look: location learning in graphical user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2D vs 3D, Implications on Spatial Memory
INFOVIS '01 Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 2001 (INFOVIS'01)
Integrating 2D and 3D views for spatial collaboration
GROUP '05 Proceedings of the 2005 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work
VISUAL '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Visual Information Systems: Web-Based Visual Information Search and Management
Modeling human spatial memory within a symbolic architecture of cognition
SC'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Spatial Cognition V: reasoning, action, interaction
Visual search in dynamic 3D visualisations of unstructured picture collections
Interacting with Computers
The impact of dimensionality and color coding of information visualizations on knowledge acquisition
Knowledge and Information Visualization
| Hi-index | 0.00 |
Prior research has shown that the efficient use of graphical user interfaces is strongly dependent on human capabilities for spatial cognition. One facet of spatial cognition is the ability to quickly and accurately recall and access the location of objects in a spatial arrangement. This paper describes a series of experiments aimed at determining whether three-dimensional user interfaces better support spatial memory than their more traditional two-dimensional counterparts. The experiments are conducted using both computer-supported systems and physical models that vary the depth and perspective cues in spatial arrangements of interface items. The physical models were used to escape some of the dimensional ambiguities that are hard to control using computer displays. Results strongly suggest that adding a third dimension to computer displays does not aid users" spatial memory. Although there were no significant differences between the effectiveness of spatial memory when using two- and three-dimensional computer interfaces, participants" memory for the location of cards representing web-pages was reliably better when using a two-dimensional physical model than when using an equivalent three-dimensional physical model.