How do people organize their desks?: Implications for the design of office information systems
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Using icons to find documents: simplicity is critical
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Supporting Cooperation through Customisation: The Tviews Approach
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Hypermedia Use in Group Work: Changing the Product,Process, and Strategy
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Data mountain: using spatial memory for document management
Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Keeping found things found on the web
Proceedings of the tenth international conference on Information and knowledge management
Evaluating the effectiveness of spatial memory in 2D and 3D physical and virtual environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Learning where to look: location learning in graphical user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
GeoVSM: An Integrated Retrieval Model for Geographic Information
GIScience '02 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Geographic Information Science
Improving the usability of the hierarchical file system
SAICSIT '03 Proceedings of the 2003 annual research conference of the South African institute of computer scientists and information technologists on Enablement through technology
Revisiting 2D vs 3D implications on spatial memory
AUIC '04 Proceedings of the fifth conference on Australasian user interface - Volume 28
VisualIDs: automatic distinctive icons for desktop interfaces
ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Papers
Evaluating spatial memory in two and three dimensions
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Token+constraint systems for tangible interaction with digital information
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Browsing a document collection represented in two-and three-dimensional virtual information space
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Evaluating personal information management behaviors and tools
Communications of the ACM - Personal information management
Faster document navigation with space-filling thumbnails
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Improving list revisitation with ListMaps
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Visualisation improves the usability of voice-operated mobile phone services
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
What do people recall about their documents?: implications for desktop search tools
Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
InkSeine: In Situ search for active note taking
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2D meets 3D: a human-centered interface for visual data exploration
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Exploring memory in email refinding
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Information scraps: How and why information eludes our personal information management tools
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Piles across space: Breaking the real-estate barrier on small-display devices
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Contextual web history: using visual and contextual cues to improve web browser history
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Menu Design in Cell Phones: Use of 3D Menus
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part III: Ubiquitous and Intelligent Interaction
FAC '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Foundations of Augmented Cognition. Neuroergonomics and Operational Neuroscience: Held as Part of HCI International 2009
Users' quest for an optimized representation of a multi-device space
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
The pile of least effort: supporting lived document management practices
OZCHI '09 Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Australian Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group: Design: Open 24/7
The implementation of a visual language interface for an object-oriented multimedia database system
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
ICVR'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Virtual reality
Helping users sort faster with adaptive machine learning recommendations
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part III
Combining eye tracking and conventional techniques for indications of user-adaptability
INTERACT'05 Proceedings of the 2005 IFIP TC13 international conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Keeping Found Things Found: The Study and Practice of Personal Information Management: The Study and Practice of Personal Information Management
Improving command selection with CommandMaps
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing large high-resolution display workspaces
Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
Dimensional congruence for interactive visual data mining and knowledge discovery
EUROVIS'07 Proceedings of the 9th Joint Eurographics / IEEE VGTC conference on Visualization
The Influence of Attitude on the Acceptance and Use of Information Systems
Information Resources Management Journal
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The enduring dichotomy between spatial and symbolic modes of representation and retrieval acquires an added pragmatic dimension through recent developments in computer-based information retrieval. The standard name-based approach to object reference is now supplemented on some systems by a spatial alternative-often driven by an office or desktop metaphor. Little rigorous evidence is available, however, to support the supposition that spatial memory in itself is more effective than symbolic memory.The accuracy of spatial versus symbolic reference was assessed in three experiments. In Experiment 1 accuracy of location reference in a location-only filing condition was initially comparable to that in a name-only condition, but deteriorated much more rapidly with increases in the number of objects filed. In Experiment 2 subjects placed objects in a two-dimensional space containing landmarks (drawings of a desk, table, filing cabinets, etc.) designed to evoke an office metaphor, and in Experiment 3 subjects placed objects in an actual, three-dimensional mock office. Neither of these enhancements served to improve significantly the accuracy of location reference, and performance remained below that of a name-only condition in Experiment 1. The results raise questions about the utility of spatial metaphor over symbolic filing and highlight the need for continuing research in which considerations of technological and economic feasibility are balanced by considerations of psychological utility.