The spatial metaphor for user interfaces: experimental tests of reference by location versus name
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Tangible bits: towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Working towards rich and flexible file representations
CHI '93 INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Ignoring perfect knowledge in-the-world for imperfect knowledge in-the-head
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Learning where to look: location learning in graphical user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
SNIF-ACT: a cognitive model of user navigation on the world wide web
Human-Computer Interaction
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We studied how spatial locations and luminance affect finding and re-finding information in a desktop environment. In an experiment conducted with computer icons, fixed locations led to more frequent accesses to icons while change of luminance led to worse recall of icon titles and locations. In an analysis of icon access transition, a sequential search pattern was identified in earlier sessions, which suggests that participants were minimizing efforts in external search and were not utilizing internal memory of titles and locations yet. In later sessions, icon accesses were more focused to information directly relevant to search tasks as participants started using titles and locations for re-finding icons. Results are consistent with the notion that information search behavior is adaptive to the cost-benefit structure of the interface, and search strategies are adaptive to different external representations of icons. Results also suggest that both external representations and human information processes are critical in determining the effectiveness of different GUI designs.