The spatial metaphor for user interfaces: experimental tests of reference by location versus name
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Evaluating stereo and motion cues for visualizing information nets in three dimensions
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Data mountain: using spatial memory for document management
Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The Task Gallery: a 3D window manager
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
3D or not 3D?: evaluating the effect of the third dimension in a document management system
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluating the effectiveness of spatial memory in 2D and 3D physical and virtual environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Learning where to look: location learning in graphical user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2D vs 3D, Implications on Spatial Memory
INFOVIS '01 Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 2001 (INFOVIS'01)
Exploring visual feedback of change conflict in a distributed 3D environment
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
2D meets 3D: a human-centered interface for visual data exploration
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluation of spatial abilities through tabletop AR
Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGCHI New Zealand chapter's international conference on Computer-human interaction: design centered HCI
Technical Section: View-projection animation for 3D occlusion management
Computers and Graphics
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Initial explorations into the user experience of 3D file browsing
Proceedings of the 23rd British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: Celebrating People and Technology
Hyperorders and transclusion: understanding dimensional hypertext
Proceedings of the 21st ACM conference on Hypertext and hypermedia
Visualization of solution sets from automated docking of molecular structures
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Virtual Reality, Visualisation and Interaction in Africa
Hyperorders and transclusion: understanding dimensional hypertext
ACM SIGWEB Newsletter
Task modeling for collaborative authoring
Proceedings of the 29th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Dimensional congruence for interactive visual data mining and knowledge discovery
EUROVIS'07 Proceedings of the 9th Joint Eurographics / IEEE VGTC conference on Visualization
TouchStory: combining hyperfiction and multitouch
Proceedings of the 24th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media
Issues and benefits of using 3D interfaces: visual and verbal tasks
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems
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Prior research has shown that the efficient use of graphical user interfaces strongly depends on human capabilities for spatial cognition. Although it is tempting to believe that moving from two- to three-dimensional user interfaces will enhance user performance through natural support for spatial memory, it remains unclear whether 3D displays provide these benefits. An experiment by Tavanti and Lind, reported at InfoVis 2001, provides the most compelling result in favour of 3D---their participants recalled the location of letters of the alphabet more effectively when using a 3D interface than when using a 2D one. The experiment reported in this paper is based on Tavanti and Lind's, but it controls some previously uncontrolled factors. The results strongly suggest that the effectiveness of spatial memory is unaffected by the presence or absence of three-dimensional perspective effects in monocular static displays.