Metaphor, computing systems, and active learning
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies - Ellis Horwood series in artificial intelligence
The spatial metaphor for user interfaces: experimental tests of reference by location versus name
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Information retrieval using a hypertext-based help system
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
How to get people to say and type what computers can understand
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Visualization ability as a predictor of user learning success
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Finding and reminding: file organization from the desktop
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
Designing SpeechActs: issues in speech user interfaces
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Spatialization: spatial metaphors for user interfaces
Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Readings in information visualization
Information visualization: perception for design
Information visualization: perception for design
The Psychology of How Novices Learn Computer Programming
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
How do people organize their desks?: Implications for the design of office information systems
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Theme-based content analysis: a flexible method for virtual environment evaluation
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Patterns of experience in text editing
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Towards a tool for the Subjective Assessment of Speech System Interfaces (SASSI)
Natural Language Engineering
Spatial metaphors for a speech-based mobile city guide service
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
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Three different versions of a voice-operated mobile city guide service with a hierarchically structured dialogue were evaluated in a mobile setting. One numbered menu style (standard) service, and two services which contained terms derived from underlying real-world referents, were implemented. The real-world referents (metaphors) used were: an office filing system and a computer desktop. It was hypothesized that the use of interface metaphors would allow more participants to visualize the service structure, leading to an improvement in performance relative to the standard service. Forty-two phone users undertook three different tasks with one of the three phone services. User performance and attitudes to the services were recorded, and post-task interviews were conducted. Results showed that significantly more participants using the metaphor-based services visualized the services. Visualizers performed significantly better than non-visualizers, with visualization emerging as a significant predictor of both attitude and performance. We argue that designing speech-based mobile phone services using an appropriate spatial metaphor leads to high levels of visualisation, which allows participants to orient themselves and to navigate more effectively within the hierarchical service architecture. The usability benefits afforded by visualization may become especially important when using phone services in cognitively demanding mobile settings.