The spatial metaphor for user interfaces: experimental tests of reference by location versus name
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Reading text from computer screens
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pad++: a zooming graphical interface for exploring alternate interface physics
UIST '94 Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A comparison of reading paper and on-line documents
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
When users do and don't rely on icon shape
CHI '94 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Data mountain: using spatial memory for document management
Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The tangled Web we wove: a taskonomy of WWW use
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A scrollbar-based visualization for document navigation
Proceedings of the fourth ACM conference on Digital libraries
Rapid serial visual presentation: a space-time trade-off in information presentation
AVI '00 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Speed-dependent automatic zooming for browsing large documents
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Using thumbnails to search the Web
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
PhotoMesa: a zoomable image browser using quantum treemaps and bubblemaps
Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Quantitative analysis of scrolling techniques
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Popout prism: adding perceptual principles to overview+detail document interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Supporting memory for spatial location while reading from small displays
CHI '99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Improving Browsing Performance: A study of four input devices for scrolling and pointing tasks
INTERACT '97 Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Interantional Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Reading patterns and usability in visualizations of electronic documents
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
The effects of positional constancy on searching menus for information
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Image presentation in space and time: errors, preferences and eye-gaze activity
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Tuning and testing scrolling interfaces that automatically zoom
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Summary thumbnails: readable overviews for small screen web browsers
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Benefits of animated scrolling
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Flipper: a new method of digital document navigation
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Hard lessons: effort-inducing interfaces benefit spatial learning
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Readability of scanned books in digital libraries
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The adaptation of visual search strategy to expected information gain
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Multi-flick: an evaluation of flick-based scrolling techniques for pen interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Navigation techniques for dual-display e-book readers
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Towards a framework for software navigation techniques
Proceedings of the 2008 international workshop on Cooperative and human aspects of software engineering
An empirical characterisation of electronic document navigation
GI '08 Proceedings of graphics interface 2008
Multi-context photo browsing on mobile devices based on tilt dynamics
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services
The effects of menu parallelism on visual search and selection
AUIC '08 Proceedings of the ninth conference on Australasian user interface - Volume 76
Improving navigation interaction in digital documents
Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Improving skim reading for document triage
Proceedings of the second international symposium on Information interaction in context
A review of overview+detail, zooming, and focus+context interfaces
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
A heatmap-based visualization for navigation within large web pages
Proceedings of the 5th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: building bridges
MobiTOP: Accessing Hierarchically Organized Georeferenced Multimedia Annotations
ICADL 08 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries: Universal and Ubiquitous Access to Information
Revisiting read wear: analysis, design, and evaluation of a footprints scrollbar
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Virtual shelves: interactions with orientation aware devices
Proceedings of the 22nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A comparison of visual and textual page previews in judging the helpfulness of web pages
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web
TouchMark: flexible document navigation and bookmarking techniques for e-book readers
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010
Air pointing: Design and evaluation of spatial target acquisition with and without visual feedback
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The notion of overview in information visualization
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Characterizing user performance with assisted direct off-screen pointing
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
Improving command selection with CommandMaps
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Improving scrolling devices with document length dependent gain
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Supporting active reading on pen and touch-operated tabletops
Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
Document Thumbnails with Variable Text Scaling
Computer Graphics Forum
Designing a multi-slate reading environment to support active reading activities
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Swifter: improved online video scrubbing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Graduate student use of a multi-slate reading system
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Exploiting spatial memory to design efficient command interfaces
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A user study of visual search performance with interactive 2d and 3d storyboards
AMR'11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Adaptive Multimedia Retrieval: large-scale multimedia retrieval and evaluation
TextTearing: opening white space for digital ink annotation
Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Asymmetric cores for low power user interface systems
Proceedings of the adjunct publication of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Touching annotations: A visual metaphor for navigation of annotation in digital documents
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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Scrolling is the standard way to navigate through many types of digital documents. However, moving more than a few pages can be slow because all scrolling techniques constrain visual search to only a small document region. To improve document navigation, we developed Space-Filling Thumbnails (SFT), an overview display that eliminates most scrolling. SFT provides two views: a standard page view for reading, and a thumbnail view that shows all pages. We tested SFT in three experiments that involved finding pages in documents. The first study (n=13) compared seven current scrolling techniques, and showed that SFT is significantly faster than the other methods. The second and third studies (n=32 and n=14) were detailed comparisons of SFT with thumbnail-enhanced scrollbars (TES), which performed well in the first experiment. SFT was faster than TES across all document types and lengths, particularly when tasks involved revisitation. In addition, SFT was strongly preferred by participants.