The spatial metaphor for user interfaces: experimental tests of reference by location versus name
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Various views on spatial prepositions
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Human grasp choice and robotic grasp analysis
Dextrous robot hands
Visual information seeking: tight coupling of dynamic query filters with starfield displays
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Bricks: laying the foundations for graspable user interfaces
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External cognition: how do graphical representations work?
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Tangible bits: towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms
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The metaDESK: models and prototypes for tangible user interfaces
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Tangible progress: less is more in Somewire audio spaces
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Logjam: a tangible multi-person interface for video logging
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Palette: a paper interface for giving presentations
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
TouchCounters: designing interactive electronic labels for physical containers
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Emancipated pixels: real-world graphics in the luminous room
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Tagged handles: merging discrete and continuous manual control
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Tangible interaction + graphical interpretation: a new approach to 3D modeling
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Sensetable: a wireless object tracking platform for tangible user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
DataTiles: a modular platform for mixed physical and graphical interactions
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A tangible interface for organizing information using a grid
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Making sense of sensing systems: five questions for designers and researchers
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interaction Design
The actuated workbench: computer-controlled actuation in tabletop tangible interfaces
Proceedings of the 15th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Multi-sensor context-awareness in mobile devices and smart artifacts
Mobile Networks and Applications
The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer
The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer
Interacting with music in a social setting
CHI '00 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
iStuff: a physical user interface toolkit for ubiquitous computing environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
BUILD-IT: An Intuitive Design Tool Based on Direct Object Manipulation
Proceedings of the International Gesture Workshop on Gesture and Sign Language in Human-Computer Interaction
Augmented Urban Planning Workbench: Overlaying Drawings, Physical Models and Digital Simulation
ISMAR '02 Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Pygmalion: a creative programming environment.
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Tangible interfaces for manipulating aggregates of digital information
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The TAC paradigm: unified conceptual framework to represent Tangible User Interfaces
Proceedings of the Latin American conference on Human-computer interaction
Audiopad: a tag-based interface for musical performance
NIME '02 Proceedings of the 2002 conference on New interfaces for musical expression
IEEE Distributed Systems Online
Designing the user actions in tangible interaction
Proceedings of the 4th decennial conference on Critical computing: between sense and sensibility
Ontology-Based User Modeling in an Augmented Audio Reality System for Museums
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Finding design qualities in a tangible programming space
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Mixed reality: a model of mixed interaction
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The tangible video editor: collaborative video editing with active tokens
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Image schemas and their metaphorical extensions: intuitive patterns for tangible interaction
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
Cube management system: a tangible interface for monitoring large scale systems
Proceedings of the 2007 symposium on Computer human interaction for the management of information technology
Mechanical constraints as computational constraints in tabletop tangible interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Making sense: interactive sculptures as tangible design material
DPPI '07 Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Designing pleasurable products and interfaces
Situated play in a tangible interface and adaptive audio museum guide
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
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AudioCubes: a distributed cube tangible interface based on interaction range for sound design
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Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
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Reality-based interaction: a framework for post-WIMP interfaces
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UbiMob '08 Proceedings of the 4th French-speaking conference on Mobility and ubiquity computing
Balancing physical and digital properties in mixed objects
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Pervasive behavior tracking for cognitive assistance
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ICMI '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
The search wall: tangible information searching for children in public libraries
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The performance of touch screen soft buttons
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interagir avec un objet mixte: propriétés physique et numérique
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Cartouche: conventions for tangibles bridging diverse interactive systems
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Tangible User Interfaces: Past, Present, and Future Directions
Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction
Inclusive design of ambient knowledge transfer
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Why Latino High School Students Select Computer Science as a Major: Analysis of a Success Story
ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE)
Designing learning representations around physical manipulation: hands and objects
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Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
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Exploring material-centered design concepts for tangible interaction
CHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Metaphor modelling for tangible interfaces evaluation
Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
ToyVision: a toolkit for prototyping tabletop tangible games
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Egocentric interaction as a tool for designing ambient ecologies-The case of the easy ADL ecology
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FlowBlocks: a multi-touch ui for crowd interaction
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Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
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We identify and present a major interaction approach for tangible user interfaces based upon systems of tokens and constraints. In these interfaces, tokens are discrete physical objects which represent digital information. Constraints are confining regions that are mapped to digital operations. These are frequently embodied as structures that mechanically channel how tokens can be manipulated, often limiting their movement to a single degree of freedom. Placing and manipulating tokens within systems of constraints can be used to invoke and control a variety of computational interpretations.We discuss the properties of the token+constraint approach; consider strengths that distinguish them from other interface approaches; and illustrate the concept with eleven past and recent supporting systems. We present some of the conceptual background supporting these interfaces, and consider them in terms of Bellotti et al.'s [2002] five questions for sensing-based interaction. We believe this discussion supports token+constraint systems as a powerful and promising approach for sensing-based interaction.