Computer programming and architecture: The VAX
Computer programming and architecture: The VAX
What every computer scientist should know about floating-point arithmetic
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Computer Arithmetic I (Tutorial)
Computer Arithmetic I (Tutorial)
Introduction to Arithmetic for Digital Systems Designers
Introduction to Arithmetic for Digital Systems Designers
A proposed standard for binary floating point arthmetic
ACM SIGNUM Newsletter
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The earliest electronic computers were developed in the 1940s to provide arithmetic engines capable of solving a variety of problems, many of them military. Computers, as general symbol manipulators, now solve other intriguing problems, but numerical calculations are still of vital importance in computer applications. How computers store numbers and perform arithmetic and how computer arithmetic differs from ordinary hand computation are topics that should be understood by everyone who uses computers.