Natural artificial languages: low level processes
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
How to get people to say and type what computers can understand
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
The CMU air travel information service: understanding spontaneous speech
HLT '90 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
Universal commands for telephony-based spoken language systems
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
Keywords for a universal speech interface
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Software psychology: Human factors in computer and information systems (Winthrop computer systems series)
Shaping user input in speech graffiti: a first pass
CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A study of out-of-turn interaction in menu-based, IVR, voicemail systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Towards a user experience design framework for adaptive spoken dialogue in automotive contexts
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
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This research investigates the design and performance of the Speech Graffiti interface for spoken interaction with simple machines. Speech Graffiti is a standardized interface designed to address issues inherent in the current state-of-the-art in spoken dialog systems such as high word-error rates and the difficulty of developing natural language systems. This article describes the general characteristics of Speech Graffiti, provides examples of its use, and describes other aspects of the system such as the development toolkit. We also present results from a user study comparing Speech Graffiti with a natural language dialog system. These results show that users rated Speech Graffiti significantly better in several assessment categories. Participants completed approximately the same number of tasks with both systems, and although Speech Graffiti users often took more turns to complete tasks than natural language interface users, they completed tasks in slightly less time.