Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
Genetic programming II: automatic discovery of reusable programs
Genetic programming II: automatic discovery of reusable programs
Temporal difference learning and TD-Gammon
Communications of the ACM
Design, observation, surprise! A test of emergence
Artificial Life
Genetic Programming III: Darwinian Invention & Problem Solving
Genetic Programming III: Darwinian Invention & Problem Solving
Achieving Efficient and Cognitively Plausible Learning in Backgammon
ICML '00 Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Machine Learning
Evolving Chess Playing Programs
GECCO '02 Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference
Integrating Reinforcement Learning, Bidding and Genetic Algorithms
IAT '03 Proceedings of the IEEE/WIC International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology
Strongly typed genetic programming
Evolutionary Computation
GP-EndChess: using genetic programming to evolve chess endgame players
EuroGP'05 Proceedings of the 8th European conference on Genetic Programming
GP-Robocode: using genetic programming to evolve robocode players
EuroGP'05 Proceedings of the 8th European conference on Genetic Programming
Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Evolving strategy for a probabilistic game of imperfect information using genetic programming
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Evolving Teams of Cooperating Agents for Real-Time Strategy Game
EvoWorkshops '09 Proceedings of the EvoWorkshops 2009 on Applications of Evolutionary Computing: EvoCOMNET, EvoENVIRONMENT, EvoFIN, EvoGAMES, EvoHOT, EvoIASP, EvoINTERACTION, EvoMUSART, EvoNUM, EvoSTOC, EvoTRANSLOG
Coevolutionary temporal difference learning for Othello
CIG'09 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computational Intelligence and Games
Winning ant wars: evolving a human-competitive game strategy using fitnessless selection
EuroGP'08 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Genetic programming
Human-competitive results produced by genetic programming
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Evolving small-board Go players using coevolutionary temporal difference learning with archives
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
Genetic programming needs better benchmarks
Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
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We apply genetic programming to the evolution of strategies for playing the game of backgammon. We explore two different strategies of learning: using a fixed external opponent as teacher, and letting the individuals play against each other. We conclude that the second approach is better and leads to excellent results: Pitted in a 1000-game tournament against a standard benchmark player--Pubeval--our best evolved program wins 62.4% of the games, the highest result to date. Moreover, several other evolved programs attain win percentages not far behind the champion, evidencing the repeatability of our approach.