ITS Tools for Natural Language Dialogue: A Domain-Independent Parser and Planner
ITS '00 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
AutoTutor: A simulation of a human tutor
Cognitive Systems Research
Investigating an Approach for Online Reading Assessment
ICALT '05 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies
FLSA: extending latent semantic analysis with features for dialogue act classification
ACL '04 Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Dependency-Based Construction of Semantic Space Models
Computational Linguistics
ACE '07 Proceedings of the ninth Australasian conference on Computing education - Volume 66
Methodological Review: Empirical distributional semantics: Methods and biomedical applications
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
Text-to-text semantic similarity for automatic short answer grading
EACL '09 Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
A framework for the computerized assessment of university student essays
Computers in Human Behavior
Geometric algebra rotors for sub-symbolic coding of natural language sentences
KES'07/WIRN'07 Proceedings of the 11th international conference, KES 2007 and XVII Italian workshop on neural networks conference on Knowledge-based intelligent information and engineering systems: Part I
Automatic assessment of students' free-text answers with support vector machines
IEA/AIE'10 Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Industrial engineering and other applications of applied intelligent systems - Volume Part I
Comparability of LSI and human judgment in text analysis tasks
MMACTEE'09 Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS international conference on Mathematical methods and computational techniques in electrical engineering
Observing lemmatization effect in LSA coherence and comprehension grading of learner summaries
ITS'06 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Selecting corpus-semantic models for neurolinguistic decoding
SemEval '12 Proceedings of the First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics - Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation
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Latent semantic analysis (LSA) has been used in several intelligent tutoring systems(ITS's) for assessing students' learning by evaluating their answers to questions in the tutoring domain. It is based on word-document co-occurrence statistics in the training corpus and a dimensionality reduction technique. However, it doesn't consider the word-order or syntactic information, which can improve the knowledge representation and therefore lead to better performance of an ITS. We present here an approach called Syntactically Enhanced LSA (SELSA) which generalizes LSA by considering a word along with its syntactic neighborhood given by the part-of-speech tag of its preceding word, as a unit of knowledge representation. The experimental results on Auto-Tutor task to evaluate students' answers to basic computer science questions by SELSA and its comparison with LSA are presented in terms of several cognitive measures. SELSA is able to correctly evaluate a few more answers than LSA but is having less correlation with human evaluators than LSA has. It also provides better discrimination of syntactic-semantic knowledge representation than LSA.