Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking
Signal Processing
Audio watermarking for monitoring and copy protection
MULTIMEDIA '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM workshops on Multimedia
An audio watermarking method using a two-dimensional pseudo-random array
Signal Processing
Digital Watermarks for Audio Signals
ICMCS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems
Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models
Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Improved spread spectrum: a new modulation technique for robust watermarking
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Spread-spectrum watermarking of audio signals
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Watermarked movie soundtrack finds the position of the camcorder in a theater
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia - Special section on communities and media computing
Information delivery systems for car passengers without networking capabilities
PCM'07 Proceedings of the multimedia 8th Pacific Rim conference on Advances in multimedia information processing
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In this paper, we propose a novel application of audio watermarking, estimation of recording location. The purpose of the paper is to determine the seat location in a theater at which a bootleg recording was made by using a digital video camera. In the proposed application, we embed different watermarks in the channels of the multi-channel sound of the movie. The multi-channel sound enters the air from multiple loudspeakers in a theater. If a monaural recording of the sound is made, the location of recording in the theater can be determined by detecting the multiple watermarks without any access to the host signals. The main idea is to use the time offsets of the watermark signals in the recorded signal. In simulation experiments, the recording locations can be determined within 1 m in almost all of the test cases. Although an experiment in a real environment resulted in more errors due to noise, these results successfully showed the potential applicability for practical use.