Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking
Signal Processing
Audio watermarking for monitoring and copy protection
MULTIMEDIA '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM workshops on Multimedia
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ICMCS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems
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IWDW '07 Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Digital Watermarking
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Digital Signal Processing
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In this paper, we describe a multiple-bit audio watermarking method which is robust against wow-and-flutter, random sample cropping, and pitch shifting. Though these processings are easy to perform, they are difficult for audio watermarks to survive, because they introduce mis-synchronization between the embedded and detection watermarks. Our main ideas against these mis-synchronization attacks are a two-dimensional pseudo-random array (PRA), magnitude modification, and non-linear subbands. The embedding algorithm modifies the magnitudes of segmented areas in the time-frequency plane of the content, according to a two-dimensional pseudo-random array, while the detection algorithm correlates the magnitudes with the PRA. The two-dimensional array makes the watermark robust against cropping because, even when some portions of the content are heavily degraded, other portions of the content can match the PRA and contribute to watermark detection. Secondly, the magnitude modification enables detection even from displaced detection windows. This is because magnitudes are less influenced than phases by fluctuations of the analysis windows caused by random cropping. The last idea, wider bandwidths at higher frequencies, keeps the correspondence of the embedded and detection PRA even for pitch-shifted content. We theoretically and experimentally analyze the robustness of the proposed algorithm against a variety of signal degradations.