IBM Systems Journal
Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking
Signal Processing
Audio watermarking for monitoring and copy protection
MULTIMEDIA '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM workshops on Multimedia
An audio watermarking method using a two-dimensional pseudo-random array
Signal Processing
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Estimation of recording location using audio watermarking
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Watermarked movie soundtrack finds the position of the camcorder in a theater
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia - Special section on communities and media computing
Information delivery systems for car passengers without networking capabilities
PCM'07 Proceedings of the multimedia 8th Pacific Rim conference on Advances in multimedia information processing
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Audio watermarking has been used mainly for digital sound. In this paper, we extend the range of its applications to live performances with a new composition method for real-time audio watermarking. Sonic watermarking mixes the sound of the watermark signal and the host sound in the air to detect illegal music recordings recorded from auditoriums. We propose an audio watermarking algorithm for sonic watermarking that increases the magnitudes of the host signal only in segmented areas pseudorandomly chosen in the time-frequency plane. The result of a MUSHRA subjective listening test assesses the acoustic quality of the method in the range of "excellent quality." The robustness is dependent on the type of music samples. For popular and orchestral music, a watermark can be stably detected from music samples that have been sonic-watermarked and then once compressed in an MPEG 1 layer 3 file.